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Culture Documents
The Students in
Ms. Tionkos Class
The students in Ms. Tionkos class are very
interesting. Henry is Chinese. Hes from Shanghai.
Linda is Puerto Rican. Shes from San Juan. Kim
and Choy are Koreans.
George is Greek. Hes from Athens. Carla is
Italian. Shes from Rome. Sato is Japanese. Hes
from Tokyo Japan. Maria and Teresa are
Mexicans.
The students in Ms. Tionkos class are very
interesting. They are from different countries
but they are friends.
Who is the teacher in the
story?
a. Ms. Reyes
b. Ms. Tionko
c. Ms. Maguad
What is the nationality of
Henry?
a. Chinese
b. Japanese
c. Korean
Who are the Mexican students?
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
NEXT
Getting information into
memory.
BACK
Retaining information over
time.
BACK
Taking information out of
storage.
BACK
Memory Encoding
Attention
Divided Attention
Elaboration
Imagery
Level of Processing (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
Retrospective Memory
Remembering the past.
A persons knowledge about the
world
Differences Between Episodic
and Semantic Memory
Characteristics Episodic Memory Semantic Memory
Units Events, Episodes Facts, Ideas,
Concepts
Organization Time Concepts
Emotion More Important Less Important
Retrieval Report I remember I know
Retrieval Process Deliberate (effortful) Automatic
Education Irrelevant Relevant
Intelligence Irrelevant Relevant
Legal Testimony Admissible in Court Inadmissible in court
Memory in which behavior is
affected by prior experience
without that experience being
consciously recollected.
Memory for skills
Information that people already
have in storage is activated to help
them remember new information
better and faster.
Learning by which a neutral
stimulus becomes associated with a
meaningful stimulus and acquires
the capacity to elicit similar
response.
Why we remember what
we remember?
Serial Position Effect
Recency effect
Recall
Is memory task in which the individual has to retrieve
previously learned information as on essay tests.
Recognition
Is memory task in which the individual has to identify
learned items as on multiple choices.
Tip of the Tongue
A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when people
are confident that they know something they cant quite pull
it out of memory.
Flashbulb memories
Are memories of emotionally significant events that
people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery
than everyday events.
Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories
State-dependent memory
Refers to remember information better when their
psychological state or mood is similar at encoding and
retrieval.
Forgetting
Encoding Failure
Occurs when the information was
never entered into long term memory.
Retrieval Failure
Interference Theory
State that people forget not
because memories are actually lost
from storage but because other
information gets in the way of what
they want to remember.
Two Types of Interference
Proactive Interference
Occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts
the recall of material learned later.
Retroactive Interference
Occurs when material learned later disrupt the
retrieval of information learned earlier.
Decay Theory
States that when something new is learned a
neurochemical memory trace is formed but over time this
trace tends to disintegrate.
Transience
Refers to forgetting that occurs with the passage of
time.
Amnesia
Loss of memory.
Anterograde Amnesia
A memory disorder that affects the retention of new
information or events.
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new
events.
Encoding Strategies
Be a good time manager and planner.
Pat attention and minimize
distraction.
Understand the material rather than
rottenly memorizing it.
Ask yourself questions.
Good Note Taking
Strategies
Summarizing
Outlining
Concept Maps
The Cornell Method
Note Reviews
Storage Strategies
Organize your memory