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OFFSHORE
ENVIRONMENT
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OFFSHORE
Location situated at sea some distance from the shore.

Offshore technology in the context of petroleum engineering can be described as

the application of the techniques, skills, methods, and processes at locations away
from shores for the exploration and production of hydrocarbon.
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Offshore technology as a discipline in the petroleum engineering focuses on :

Offshore Asset Management

Marine and Subsea Technology

Risk Management
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Where are the offshore oil and gas fields?

Sea or Ocean
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An ocean is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.

Oceans cover roughly 71% of the earth and contain 97 % of the planet's water.

List of oceans by size

Pacific Ocean: 60,060,700 square miles

Atlantic Ocean: 29,637,900 square miles
Indian Ocean: 26,469,900 square miles
Southern Ocean: 7,848,300 square miles
Arctic Ocean: 5,427,000 square miles
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A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.
Seas are smaller than oceans.

Top 6 largest seas

Mediterranean Sea: 1,144,800 square miles
Caribbean Sea: 1,049,500 square miles
South China Sea: 895,400 square miles
Bering Sea: 884,900 square miles
Gulf of Mexico: 615,000 square miles
Okhotsk Sea: 613,800 square miles
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Depth
The average depth of the ocean is about 12,100 feet. Mariana Trench in the Pacific
Ocean is the deepest around 36,070 ft deep(Challenger Deep). At 22,788 ft, the
Caribbean Sea is the deepest sea
Marine floor topography
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Zones
The epipelagic zone (sunlit) is closest to the surface and stretches
down to around 200 m. An abundance of light allows for
photosynthesis by plants and nutrients for animals like tuna external
and sharks.

The mesopelagic zone (twilight) begins at 200 m below the surface

and reaches a depth of 1,000 m. There is a little light but not enough
for photosynthesis to occur.

The bathypelagic zone (midnight) follows, from 1000-4,000 m in

depth. Bioluminescent organisms are found in this zone. Unique
animals like the marine hatchet fish external and giant squid live in
this zone, surviving mostly on the detritus that drifts down from the
epipelagic zone.

The abyssopelagic zone (lower midnight) is located from 4,000 m

to directly above the ocean floor and is a completely dark area home
to colorless and blind animals.

The Hadopelagic zone is the deep water in ocean trenches. Some

define the hadopelagic as waters below 6,000 m (19,685 ft), whether
in a trench or not. Very little is known about this zone, and very few
species are known to live here.
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Offshore Oil and Gas Provinces
In the oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) industry, deepwater is defined
as water depth greater than 1,000 feet(304.8m) and ultra-deep water is defined
as greater than 5,000 feet (1,524m)
the North Sea
the Gulf of Mexico (offshore Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama)
California (in the Los Angeles Basin and Santa Barbara Channel, part of the Ventura Basin)
the Caspian Sea (notably some major fields offshore Azerbaijan)
the Campos and Santos Basins off the coasts of Brazil
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (Atlantic Canada)
several fields off West Africa most notably west of Nigeria, Ghana and Angola
offshore fields in South East Asia and Sakhalin, Russia
the Persian Gulf such as Safaniya, Manifa and Marjan which belong to Saudi Arabia.
fields in India (Mumbai High, K G Basin-East Coast Of India, Tapti Field, Gujarat, India)
the Taranaki Basin in New Zealand
the Kara Sea north of Siberia
the Arctic Ocean off the coasts of Alaska and Canada's Northwest Territories
Mediterranean sea
Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela)
Offshore Australia
California (in the Santa Barbara basin)
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Offshore Oil and Gas Provinces-North Sea

Clair - 8bn barrels.

Statfjord- 4.2bn barrels.
Ekofisk - 3.6bn barrels.
Forties - 2.5bn barrels.
Oseberg - 2.4bn barrels.
Gullfaks - 2.3bn barrels.
Troll West - 1.6bn barrels.
Snorre - 1.57bn barrels
Johan Sverdrup - 1.56bn barrels
Valhall - 927.1m barrels
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Offshore Oil and Gas Provinces- Gulf of Mexico
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Offshore Oil and Gas Provinces- Coast of Africa
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Offshore Oil and Gas Fields in Africa
Abana, Nigeria
Agbami Oilfield, Nigeria Fortuna FLNG, Block R, Equatorial Guinea
Ain Tsila Gas Condensate Field, Algeria
Aje Field, Nigeria
Akepo Field, Nigeria Gimboa Field, Angola
Alen Gas and Condensate Field, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea Girassol FPSO, Luanda, Angola
Amenam-Kpono Oil and Gas Field, Nigeria Greater Plutonio, Block 18, Angola
Aseng Field, Equatorial Guinea
Atoll Gas Field, North Damietta Offshore Concession, East Nile Delta, Egypt Hasdrubal Oil and Gas Field, Tunisia
Avouma Field, Gabon
Ibhubesi Gas Field, Orange Basin, South Africa

Bahr Essalam Gas and Condensate Field, Libya Jubilee Field, Ghana
Banda Gas Field Development, Mauritania
BBLT, Block 14, Angola Kaombo Ultra-Deep Offshore Project, Angola
Bonga Deepwater Project, Niger Delta, Nigeria Kizomba Offshore Field Deepwater Project, Angola
Bonga North West, Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Kizomba Satellites Phase 2, Angola
Bouri Field, Mediterranean Sea, Libya Kudu Gas Field, Orange Sub-Basin, Namibia
Loba Oil Field, Nkembe Block, Gabon

Chinguetti Oil Field, Mauritania

CLOV Development Project, Angola Mafumeira Norte, Angola
Coral Field, Area 4, Rovuma Basin, Mozambique Mafumeira Sul Project, Angola
Mossel Bay, South Africa
Mozambique Offshore Area 1 Project, Mozambique
Dalia Field, Angola
Didon Field, Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia Nooros Gas and Condensate Field, Nile Delta, Egypt
Dougga Gas Condensate Discovery, Tunisia

Offshore Cape Three Points (OCTP) Integrated Oil and Gas Project, Ghana
East Hub Development Project, Angola Ofon Field, Oil and Gas Field, Nigeria
Ebok Oilfield, OML 67, Nigeria Okoro Oil Field, Nigeria
Ebouri Field, Gabon Okwok Field, Nigeria
Egina Oil Field, Nigeria Olowi Field, Gabon
Ekpe Phase II, Nigeria Otakikpo Marginal Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Erha Deepwater Development, Nigeria Oudna Field, Tunisia
Etame Offshore Field, Gabon Oyo Oilfield, Nigeria
Etinde Development Stage 1, Cameroon
Exxon-East Area NGL II, Nigeria
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Offshore Oil and Gas Fields in Africa

TEN Development Project, Deepwater Tano License, Ghana

Pazflor Field Development, Angola
Tombua-Landana Project, Angola
PSVM Development Area, Angola
Usan Offshore Oil Field, OPL 222, Nigeria
Rosa Field, Angola
Ruche Area Development, Dussafu Block, Gabon
West Delta Deep Marine (WDDM) Development, Egypt
Sanha / Bomboco Development, Angola
West El Burullus Concession, Nile Delta, Egypt
Sankofa Gas Project, Tano Basin, Ghana
West Hub Development Project, Angola
Scarab and Saffron Gas Fields, Egypt
West Nile Delta Project, Egypt
Sequoia Project, Egypt
Windjammer Exploration Well, Mozambique
SNE Deepwater Oil Field, Senegal
Songo Songo Gas Development and Power-Generation
Xikomba Oil Field, Angola
Project, Tanzania
Yoho Oilfield, Nigeria

Zafiro, Equatorial Guinea

Zohr Gas Field, Egypt
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Offshore Oil and Gas Fields in Ghana
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Ghana Vs. Ivory Coast

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Offshore Exploration Blocks( Ghana)
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Offshore Block Acquisition (Ghana)
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Offshore Oil and gas Production Challenges

Technological Challenges:

Drilling rigs, platforms, piping, and other equipment that can withstand
waves(maintaining the stability of the offshore platforms)
Tools to cut and weld metal underwater
Efficient ways to transport equipment and oil over vast distances of water
Adequate remediation/decommissioning strategies.

The ocean can add several hundred meters or more to the fluid column. The
addition increases the equivalent circulating density and downhole pressures in
drilling wells, as well as the energy needed to lift produced fluids for separation
on the platform

Offshore manned facilities also present logistics and human resources challenges
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Health Hazards In The Offshore Environment

chemical hazards (toxic, corrosive, irritant and and possible carcinogens);

physical hazards (noise, vibration, thermal extremes)

biological hazards (legionella, food poisoning);

ergonomic hazards (manual handling activities, workstations, VDUs);

psychosocial hazards associated with either the work (overload, hours of work,
tour patterns, work relationships, etc.) or the location (travel, being away from
home, living on the job, etc.), all of which can contribute to psychological stress