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Statement
Analysis
K R Subramanyam
John J Wild
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-2
4
CHAPTER
4-3
Analysis of Prepaids
Two analysis issues:
Inventories
Definitions
Inventories are goods held for sale, or goods
acquired (or in process of being readied) for
sale, as part of a companys normal
operations
Expensing treats inventory costs like period
costscosts are reported in the period when
incurred
Capitalizing treats inventory costs like product
costscosts are capitalized as an asset and
subsequently charged against future
period(s) revenues benefiting
from their sale
4-13
Inventories
Inventory Costing Method
FIFO
LIFO 46%
30%
Other
Weighted 4%
Average
20%
4-14
Inventories
First-In, First-Out (FIFO)
Recent Ending
Costs Inventory
4-15
Inventories
Recent Costs of
Costs Goods Sold
Oldest Ending
Costs Inventory
4-16
Inventories
Average Cost
When a unit is sold, the
average cost of each
unit in inventory is
assigned to cost of
goods sold.
Cost of Units
Goods available on
Available for the date of
Sale sale
4-17
Inventories
Illustration of Costing Methods
Note: 30 units are sold in Year 2 for $800 each for total
Revenue of $24,000
4-18
Inventories
Illustration of Costing Methods
Assume sales of $35,000 for the periodthen gross profit under each
method is:
Sales Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit
FIFO $24,000 -- 15,000 = $9,000
LIFO $24,000 -- 18,000 = $6,000
Average $24,000 -- 16,800 = $7,200
4-19
Inventories
LIFO Liquidations
Inventories
Analyzing InventoriesRestatement of LIFO to
FIFO
Three step process:
Allocation
Allocationprocess of periodically expensing a deferred
cost (asset) to one or more future expected benefit periods;
determined by benefit period, salvage value, and allocation
method
Terminology
Depreciation for tangible fixed
assets
Amortization for intangible assets
Depletion for natural resources
4-25
Plant Assets
Tangible
Purchase All
price expenditures
needed to
Acquisition prepare the
cost asset for its
intended use
Valuation Analysis
Depreciation
Depreciation is the process of allocating the
cost of a plant asset to expense in the
accounting periods benefiting from its use.
(Unused) (Used)
4-30
Straight-Line Method
SL
4-32
Double-Declining-Balance Method
Step 1:
Straight-line 100 %
depreciation rate = Useful life
Step 2:
Double-declining- Straight-line
balance rate = 2 depreciation rate
Step 3:
Depreciation Double-declining- Beginning period
expense = balance rate book value
Step 1:
Depreciation Cost - Salvage Value
=
Per Unit Total Units of Production
Step 2:
Depreciation Depreciation Units Produced
=
Expense Per Unit in Period
4-34
Natural Resources
Natural resources (wasting assets)rights to extract or consume natural resources
Cost of
Total goods sold
depletion
cost Unsold
Inventory
4-37
Intangible Assets
Intangible
Assets
Usually acquired
Useful life is
for operational
often difficult
use.
to determine.
4-39
Intangible Assets
Accounting for Intangible Assets
Intangible Assets
Analyzing Intangibles and Goodwill
Search for unrecorded intangibles and
goodwilloften misvalued and
most likely exist off-balance-sheet
Examine for superearnings as
evidence of goodwill
Review amortization periodsany likely bias is in the
direction of less amortization and can call for
adjustments
Recognize goodwill has a limited useful life--whatever
the advantages of location, market dominance,
competitive stance, sales skill, or product
acceptance, they are affected by changes in business