BFC34402

CHAPTER 3.0
CONSOLIDATION AND SETTLEMENT

1
3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Introduction

2
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation

3
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation

1.

2. At t = 0

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 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation

3. At t = 240

Valve
open

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 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation

At t =
4.

Hdr
calculation
example

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 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation

7
 3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation

* This experiment can also illustrated by Spring-Cylinder Model

Experiment
outcomes:

8
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation Test

Consolidometer @ Oedometer

a) To estimate the amount of

settlement and time of
consolidation.

b) From this test,some

consolidation parameters such as
coefficient of consolidation (Cv),
coefficient of volume
compressibility (mv),
compression index (Cc),
preconsolidation pressure (c)
can be determined. 9
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation Test
Apparatus And Procedure
The saturated specimen is usually 75 mm diameter and 15-20 mm thick, enclosed in a circular
metal ring and sandwiched between porous stones.
Vertical static load increments are applied at regular time intervals (e.g. 12, 24, 48 hr.). The load is
doubled with each increment up to the required maximum (e.g. 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 kPa).
During each load stage thickness changes are recorded against time.
After full consolidation is reached under the final load, the loads are removed (in one or several
stages - to a low nominal value close to zero) and the specimen allowed to swell, after which the
specimen is removed and its thickness and water content determined. With a porous stone both
above and below the soil specimen the drainage will be two-way (i.e. an open layer in which the
drainage path length, d = H/2) 10
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation Test
Test Output

11
 Void Ratio-Pressure Plots

1)
4)
2)
5)
3)
12
13
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Normally & Overconsolidated Clays

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 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation Test
Consolidation Parameter: Cs , Cc , mv

UNLOADING

*In General: Skempton, 1944

15
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation Test- Example

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 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation Test- Example

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 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation Test- Example

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory- Example

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory- Example

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory- Example

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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory- Example

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27
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory
Consolidation Parameter: Cv 2 graphical method

a) Square Root Of Time Method Taylor, 1942

28
 3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory
Consolidation Parameter: Cv 2 graphical method

b) Logarithm Of Time Method Casagrande & Fedum, 1940

29
3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory
Example

30
3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghis Theory
Example; Cont

31
3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
Introduction

32
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3 .2.1 Elastic @ Immediate Settlement

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 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.1 Elastic @ Immediate Settlement

34
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.1 Elastic @ Immediate Settlement

Example

35
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement

Normally
Consolidated
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 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement

Case 1

Over
Consolidated
Case 2

37
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement

Example

38
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Cont

39
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Cont

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 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example

41
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Cont

42
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.3 Secondary Consolidation Settlement

43
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.3 Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Example

44
 3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.3 Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Cont

45
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

Introduction

46
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

Introduction

In previous chapter (Chapter 2: Stress Distribution In Flexible Medium) showed that the
increase in the vertical stress in soil caused by a load applied over a limited area
decreases with depth(z) measured from the ground surface downward. Hence to the
one-dimensional settlement of a foundation, we can use Eq. of primary consolidation
settlement (Subchapter 3.2.2). However the increase of effective stress in these
equations should be the average increase in the pressure below the center of the
foundation. By using Simpsons rule, we can estimate the value;

47
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

Example

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3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

Example; Cont

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3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

Example; Cont

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