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CONDENSERS

I. First of all, the superheated vapour is cooled to


saturation temperature (called desuperheating)
corresponding to the pressure of the refrigerant.
This is shown by the line 2-3 in Fig. 4.6 (b). The
desuperheating occurs in the discharge line and in
the first few coils of the condenser.
2. Now the saturated vapour refrigerant gives up its
latent heat and is condensed to a saturated liquid
refrigerant. This process, called condensation, is
shown by the line 3-4.
3. The temperature of the liquid refrigerant is reduced
below its saturation temperature (i.e. sub-cooled) in
order to increase the refrigeration effect. This
process is shown by the line 4-5.
Classification of Condensers
1. Air cooled condensers

2. Water cooled condensers

3. Evaporative condensers.
Air Cooled Condensers
An air-cooled condenser is one in which the
removal of heat is done by air
It consists of steel or copper tubing through
which the refrigerant flows
The size of tube usually ranges from 6 mm to
18 mm outside diameter, depending upon the
size of condenser
Generally copper tube used because of its
excellent heat transfer ability
The condensers with steel tubes are- used in
ammonia refrigerating systems.
1. Natural convection air-cooled
condensers
In natural convection air-cooled condenser, the heat
transfer from the condenser coils to the air is by
natural convection
As the air comes in contact with the warm condenser
tubes, it absorbs heat from the refrigerant and thus the
temperature of air increases
The warm air being lighter, rises up and the cold air
from below rises to take away the heat from the
condenser
This cycle continues in natural convection air-cooled
condensers
2. Forced convection air-cooled
condensers
In forced convection air-cooled condensers,
the fan (either propeller or centrifugal) is used
to force the air over the condenser coils to
increase its heat transfer capacity
The forced convection condensers may be
divided into the following two groups:
(a) Base mounted air-cooled condensers, and
(b) Remote air-cooled condensers.
Water Cooled Condensers
I. Waste water system, or 2. Recirculated water system.
In a waste water system, the water after
circulating in the condenser is discharged to a
sewer
This system is used on small units and in
locations where large quantities of fresh
inexpensive water and a sewer system large
enough to handle the waste water are available
The most common source of fresh water
supply is the city main.
In a recirculated water system, the same water
circulating in the condenser is cooled and used
again and again
Thus this system requires some type of water
cooling device
The cooling water towers and spray ponds are the
most common cooling devices used in a
recirculated water system
The warm water from the condenser is led to the
cooling tower where it is cooled by self
evaporation into a stream of air
The water pumps are used to circulate the water
through the system and then to the cooling tower
which is usually located on the roof.
Types of Water Cooled Condensers
1. Tube -in-tube or double tube
condensers
The tube-in-tube or double tube condenser, consists of a water
tube inside a large refrigerant tube.
In this type of condenser, the hot vapour refrigerant enters at the
top of the condenser.
The water absorbs the heat from the refrigerant and the
condensed liquid refrigerant flows at the bottom.
Since the refrigerant tubes are exposed to ambient air, therefore
some of the heat is also absorbed by ambient air by natural
convection.
The cold water in the inner tubes may flow in either direction.
When the water enters at the bottom and flows in the direction
opposite to the refrigerant, it is said to be a counter-flow system.
When the water enters at the top and flows in the same direction
as the refrigerant, it is said to be a parallel flow system.
2. Shell and coil condensers
Consists of one or more water coils enclosed in a
welded steel shell
Both the finned and bare coil types are available
The shell and coil condenser, may be either vertical or
horizontal
In this type of condenser, the hot vapour refrigerant
enters at the top of the shell and surrounds the water
coils
As the vapour condenses, it drops to the bottom of the
shell which often serves as a receiver.
Most vertical type shell and coil condensers use counter
flow water system as it is more efficient than parallel
flow water system.
3. Shell and tube condensers
Consists of a cylindrical steel shell containinga
number of straight water tubes
The tube sheets are welded to the shell at both
the ends
In this type of condenser, the bot vapour
refrigerant enters at the top of the shell and
condenses as it comes in contact with water
tubes.
The condensed liquid refrigerant drops to the
bottom of the shell which often serves as a
receiver.
EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS
Air and water cooling are combined in an
evaporative condenser with an advantage over air
cooling, both in terms of heat transfer and lower
condensing temperatures, and over water
condensers with a greatly reduced water
consumption.
In an evaporative condenser air is drawn upward
over the condenser pipes and water is sprayed
over the surfaces from above.
Heat transfer results in the evaporation of
some of the water flowing over the coils and
the resultant water vapour is discharged to
atmosphere with the exit air.
As with air condensers, evaporative
condensers require to be positioned so that air
can be circulated freely and since the discharge
air also contains a good deal of water vapour,
the condenser must always be sited outside or
the air ducted outside.

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