Andiko Prasetyanto(1406547124)

Aryo Bayu Wicaksono(1406641823)

CONVECTION Febrian Roman (1406641836)

Mohammad Iqbal Andikoputro
(1406547130)
Ryendi Kusnan (156717853)
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Convection is the process of heat transfer due to the macroscopic motion of the fluid,
such as the movement of liquid or gas.
As with conduction, convection requires media. The difference is in the conduction
process, heat is transferred from one molecule to another, while in the convection
process, the hotter fluid will move and replace the place of the cooler fluid.
EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVES
Objectives:
1. Establish a calibration method of the water feeding system.
2. Collect and analyze data and variables related to natural convection heat transfer.
3. Collect and analyze data and variables related to forced convection heat transfer.
4. Compare the Nusselt number of experiments with the literature on free and forced
convection.
WORK PRINCIPLES
1. Calibrating the water feeding system by measuring the volume of water output
(hose) for a certain time interval so that the flow of water flow is obtained.
2. Observing incoming and outgoing water temperature, water vapor and condensate
temperature in and out, as well as condensate volume formed for a certain time
interval with variation of weir height at valve opening 1/4 so that Nusselt count of
natural convection can be calculated.
3. Observing incoming and outgoing water temperature, water vapor and condensate
temperature in and out, and condensate volume formed for a certain time interval
with variation of the valve opening at the weir 0 openings so that Nusselt numbers can
be calculated for forced convection.
EQUIPMENT SCHEME
CALIBRATION
 EXPERIMENT DATA
Weir = 0, t = 10s

Valve Opening V1 V2 V3 Vavg (ml) Vavg (m3) Q(m3/s)

0,25 320 360 300 326,6667 0,0003267 3,3E-05

0,5 380 320 350 350 0,00035 3,5E-05

1 416 388 406 403,3333 0,0004033 4E-05

Average 360 0,00036 3,6E-05

Average Volume : (V1+V2+V3)/3

Volumetric Flow Rate : Q=V/t
DATA PROCESSING
GRAPH OF FLOW RATE VS VALVE OPENING
Flow rate vs Valve Opening Linear (Flow rate vs Valve Opening)
0.000045 y = 1E-05x + 3E-05
0.00004 R = 0.999

0.000035
FLOW RATE (M3/S)

0.00003
0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

VALVE OPENING
DATA PROCESSING
GRAPH OF VOLUME VS VALVE OPENING
Volume vs Valve Opening Linear (Volume vs Valve Opening)

0.00045
0.0004
0.00035 y = 0.0001x + 0.0003
R = 0.999
VOLUME (M3)

0.0003
0.00025
0.0002
0.00015
0.0001
0.00005
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
VALVE OPENING
NATURAL CONVECTION
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Water T Steam T
Valve Weir V condensate T (s)
in out in out T water
0.25 0.25 30 45 85 50 25 30 Weir Condensate T
Hose Chamber
0.25 0.25 30 45 85 49 30 30
0.25 0.25 30 46 85 50 30 30 0.25 45 50 49

0.25 0.5 30 47 85 58 35 30 0.5 47 50 59

0.25 0.5 30 48 85 60 30 30 1 50 50 61
0.25 0.5 30 47 85 61 25 30
0.25 1 30 50 85 62 30 30
0.25 1 30 50 85 61,5 25 30
0.25 1 30 50 85 62 25 30
DATA PROCESSING
GRAPH OF WEIR VS TEMPERATURE
Water Temperature of Pipe (Out) Water Temperature of Hose (Out)
Condensate Temperature
70
60
50
SUHU (C)
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
WEIR
 DATA PROCESSING
Step 1: Calculating Bulk Temperature Step 4: Calculate the Nu Literature
(Tbulk)
1

Nulit 0,59Grf Pr f
4
Twater(in ) Those (out)
T f Tw Tf (water )
Tbulk 2
g 2 Tc D3
2 Tsteam(in) TCondensate(out) gTD 3 cp
1 GrD
p
Pr
v
104 <Gr Pr < 109
Tw (steam ) Tf v 2
k k
2
Step 2: Record all the fluid characteristics
from Holmans A-9 Appendix
Tbulk Cp k Pr Step 5: Calculate the Error Percentage

Step 3: Calculate the Nu Experiment

Nu Experiment Nuliterature
Q Released QObtained Error x100%
Nuliterature
hATw T f mCpT

hD Twater (in )
Nu hose (out )

k
 Valve Weir Tbulk h (W/m C) Nu Experiment Gr Pr GrPr Nu Literature Error%

0.25 0.25 53,5 0,095287972 0,002342977 83990539 3,5294 296081011,5 26,34412384 99,99111

0.25 0.5 53,91667 0,096572592 0,002374468 88344115 3,5294 310685627,1 26,66272819 99,99109

0.25 1 54,16667 0,098660143 0,002413297 109142115 3,3033 360526676,4 27,6753507 99,99128

GRAPH OF WEIR VS CONVECTION COEFFICIENT

(H)
Weir vs h Linear (Weir vs h)
0.099
y = 0.0045x + 0.0942
0.098 R = 0.9971

0.097
H

0.096

0.095
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
WEIR
FORCED CONVECTION
 EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Water T Steam T T water
Valve Weir V condensate T (s)
in out in out
Weir Condensate T
0.25 0 30 48 85 60 35 30 Hose Chamber
0.25 0 30 46 85 59 30 30
0.25 0 30 47 85 59 27 30 0.25 54,6 49 59
0.5 0 30 47 85 61 32 30 0.5 54,3 49 61
0.5 0 30 48 85 61,5 30 30
1 52,1 46 62
0.5 0 30 48 85 61,5 31 30
1 0 30 50 85 61 35 30
1 0 30 49 85 63 35 30
1 0 30 49 85 62,5 30 30
DATA PROCESSING
GRAPH OF TEMPERATURE VS VALVE OPENING
Water Temperature of Pipe (Out) Water Temperature of Hose (Out) Temperature of Condensate
70
60
50
TEMPERATURE

40
30
20
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
VALVE OPENING
 DATA PROCESSING
Step 1: Calculating Bulk Temperature Step 4: Calculate the A, B , and C
(Tbulk) constant for Nusselt Equation
Twater(in ) Those (out)
T f Tw Tf (water ) Nu C Re A Pr B y b1 x1 b2x 2 na
Tbulk 2
log Nu Alog(Re) B log(Pr) log C x1 y b1x12 b2x1x 2 ax 1
2 Tsteam(in) TCondensate(out) y b1 x1 b 2x2 a x2y b1 x1 x2 b2x22 ax 2
Tw (steam )
2
Step 2: Record all the fluid characteristics Step 5: Calculate the Nu Literature
from Holmans A-9 Appendix (Laminar) h = Convective heat transfer coefficient
hD D= Hydraulic Diameter
Tbulk Cp k Pr Nu
k k = Thermal Conductivity of the fluid
Step 3: Calculate the Nu Experiment
Q Released QObtained
Step 6: Calculate the Error Percentage
hATw T f mCpT

hose (out ) Twater (in ) Nu Experiment Nuliterature
Error x100%
Nu C Re Pr A B
Nuliterature
DATA PROCESSING
Nu
Valve Weir Tbulk h (W/m C Re Pr Constants Nu Literature Error%
Experiment
0.25 0 54,17 6,7111062 0,5328 76,000 3,529444 A 0,1598 0,1650 223,2270
0.5 0 54,25 8,867988 0,5649 104,343 3,303277 B -0,1206 0,2169 160,4429
1 0 54,13 11,11883 0,5736 117,730 3,416361 C -0,508 0,2727 110,4466

GRAPH OF H VS VALVE OPENING

h vs Opening Valve Linear (h vs Opening Valve)
12
y = 5.6805x + 5.5857
10 R = 0.9687
8
6
H

4
2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
VALVE OPENING
 EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS
The aim of the experiment was to obtain nusselt integers based on experiments to compare with integer
literature

The experiments were carried out by taking incoming and outgoing air temperature data, incoming and
outgoing water vapor temperature, condensate temperature, and condensate volume formed.

The fixed variable in this experiment is a valve opened at 0.25, retrieval of data for 30 seconds, there
is also a weir variable that is varied between 0.25, 0.5 and 1.

The experiment was conducted 3 times each to get more accurate data.To find the Nusselt number it
takes the literature of air properties at the temperature resulting from the experiments, ie Cp, , , k, Pr,
B, and Gr, which are in Appendix A-9 Heat Transfer J.P. Holman. In addition, the required heat transfer
convection, tube diameter, and tube length to do the calculation.
CALCULATION ANALYSIS
The calculation is done at the temperature of the bulk because the energy contained
in the temperature of the bulk is the average energy of the system, so the results
obtained will be more accurate.
The calculation of Nusselt number is obtained with Nu = hD / k, by calculating h first
with the decrease of Black principle and workmanship with the assumption that all the
vapor released by water vapor is fully absorbed by water.
Nusselt's number of literatures is obtained by the equation Ra = GrPr (Rayleigh
Equation) obtained from Appendix A-9 Holman and included to the equation Nu =
0.59 (GrPr) ^ 1/4
 RESULT ANALYSIS
Valve Weir Tbulk h (W/m C
Nu
Re Pr Constants Nu Literature Error%
Experiment

0.25 0 54,17 6,7111062 0,5328 76,000 3,529444 A 0,1598 1,2642 57,8535

0.5 0 54,25 8,867988 0,5649 104,343 3,303277 B -0,1206 1,5949 64,5807
1 0 54,13 11,11883 0,5736 117,730 3,416361 C -0,508 1,7748 67,6780

The higher the height of the weir, the heat transfer coefficient obtained should be greater,
because the water flow rate is larger also, so the Nusselt number obtained is also greater.
So the temperature of the limbak obtained is also greater because the heat transfer occurs
greater.
The increased temperature causes Rayleigh's value to decrease as some properties decrease
as the temperature rises.
EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS
Equipment that is used in this experiment is free forced convection
system model 9054. Valve that is used in this experiment are W-1,
W-2,and weir height.
Valve W-1 is functioned as feed tank filler with water and, Valve
W-2 relates feed tank with the convection system
Weir is the equipment that attached on the feed tank with a
certain height. If the water flows over than it should, and valve
W-2 is opened so water will be flowing outside the feed tank and
enters the convection system.
Test Chamber is an equipment that is used for eliminating heat
radiation
ERROR ANALYSIS
The temperature of condensate might get disturbed by the ambient temperature.

Dirt factor that occurred during the experiment affecting the heat transfer, thus decreasing its value.

The thermometer is somehow only limited to 500C, thus any temperature exceeding that value would destroy
the thermometer

The height of water inside the feed tank that is not exceeds weir heights

Human error in reading the scale in the measurement glass, or doing the experiment can be another cause
CONCLUSION
1. The Calibration Method for the water feeding system is y=1E-05x +3E-05, with the average
volumetric flowrate of 3.6E-05 m3/s (Linear). The graph is obtained by showing the relationship
between the flowrate and valve opening in order to standardize the valve opening.
2. The Natural Convection yields 1.34 % and 2.16% increase of convection heat coefficient with
the increase of Weir 0.25-0.5 and 0.5-1 respectively. The relationship between h and Weir is
directly proportional, as the weir increases the h (convection heat coefficient) increases as well.
3. The Forced Convection yields 32% and 25% increase of convection heat coefficient with the
increase of valve opening 0.25-0.5 and 0.5-1 respectively. The relationship between h and valve
opening is directly proportional, as the valve opening increases the h increases as well.
Both of the forced convection and natural convection increase the h due to the volumetric flowrate
increases due to the increase of Weir and Valve opening, when the flowrate increases the heat
transfer will increases,
4. The comparison between Nusselt number of experiments with the literature for both natural and
forced convection is undone due to no similar condition for both natural and forced convection