Electromechanical Energy

Conversion II
Dr Khaleda Ali
DC machines
DC machines are generators that convert mechanical energy to electric energy
and motors that convert electric energy to mechanical energy.

Most of the machines are like ac machines in that they have ac voltages and
currents within them---dc machines have a dc output only because a mechanism
exists that converts the internal ac voltages to dc voltages at the terminals.

Since this mechanism is called a commutator, dc machinery is also known as

commutating machinery.

Slide 2 EEE 2203

Voltage induced in a Conductor in a
Magnetic Field

N S

Slide 3 EEE 2203

Voltage induced in a Conductor in a
Magnetic Field (cross sectional image)
B

A C
N S

D
A
emf

B D

C
Slide 4 EEE 2203
Voltage induced in a loop in magnetic field

Slide 5 EEE 2203

 Voltage induced in a Conductor in a
Magnetic Field (ctd.)
(1). Inducing maximum voltage (2). Inducing minimum voltage
in an elementary generator in an elementary generator

(1)

(2) (4)

(3)

(3). Inducing maximum voltage (4). Inducing minimum voltage

in an elementary generator in an elementary generator

Slide 6 EEE 2203

Voltage in DC generator

(1) (3)

LOAD

LOAD
(2) (4)

LOAD
Slide 7 EEE 2203
Construction of a DC generator [1]

Slide 8 EEE 2203

 Types of DC generator
Separately excited generator: In a separately excited generator, the field flux is derived from
a separate power source independent of the generator itself.

2. Shunt generator. In a shunt generator, the field flux is derived by connecting the field circuit
directly across the terminals of the generator.

3. Series generator. In a series generator, the field flux is produced by connecting the field
circuit in series with the armature of the generator.

4. Cumulatively compounded generator. In a cumulatively compounded generator, both a

shunt and a series field are present, and their effects are additive.

Differentially compounded generator. In a differentially compounded generator, both a

shunt and a series field are present, but their effects are subtractive .
Slide 9 EEE 2203
No load Voltage Characteristics of a separately
excited generator (ctd.)
Since the field winding is excited from a separate
source, the field current is independent of armature
terminal voltage.

The generator is driven by a prime mover at rated

speed, say n rps.

With switch S in opened condition, field is excited via a

potential divider connection from a separate d.c source
and field current is gradually increased.

The field current will establish the flux per pole .

The voltage across the armature terminals will be,

= n=kn;

Here, z=total number of conductors in the armature
andSlide
a=number
10 of parallel path EEE 2203
No load Voltage Characteristics/Open circuit
characteristics of a separately excited generator
Even when there is no field current, a
small voltage (OD) is generated due to
residual flux. If field current is
increased,
increases linearly initially and O.C.C
follows a straight line. However, when
saturation sets in,
practically becomes constant and hence
E too becomes constant.

In other words, O.C.C follows the B-H

characteristic, hence this
characteristic is sometimes also called the
magnetisation characteristic of the
machine.
Slide 11 EEE 2203
if O.C.C is known at a certain speed 1 , O.C.C at another speed n can easily be
predicted.

It is because for a constant field current, ratio of the generated voltages

becomes the ratio of the speeds as shown below.

Slide 12 EEE 2203

References
[1] http://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/basic-construction-
and-working-of-dc.html

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