NARCOANALYSIS AND

BRAIN MAPPING
ETHICAL AND LEGAL
ISSUES
 Introduction
The search for effective
aids to interrogation
Time consuming inquiry

Development of new tools

Raise doubts regarding
basic human rights and
also about their reliability
 SCIENTIFIC TOOLS
POLYGRAPH OR LIE
DETECTION TEST

P 300 OR BRAIN
MAPPING TEST

NARCOANALYSIS
POLYGRAPH OR LIE DETECTION
TEST- FIRST EVER
Examination, which is based on an
assumption that there is an
interaction between the mind and
body and is conducted by various
components or the sensors of a
polygraph machine, which are
attached to the body of the person
who is interrogated by the expert.
RECORDS BP, pulse, respiration,
muscle movment
 Phases of polygraph
Pre test interview
Conducted by
clinical or criminal
psychologist
Set of test
questions
Depending upon
the relevant
information about
the case
CHART RECORDING
 DIAGNOSIS
A baseline is established by
asking questions whose
answers the investigators
know
Lying by a suspect is
accompanied by specific,
perceptible physiological
and behavioural changes
and the sensors and a
wave
Pattern in the graph
expose this. Deviation from
the baseline is taken as a
sign of lie.
 Newer advances in polygraph
machine
It was Keeler who
further refined the
polygraph machine

Adding a Psycho-
galvanometer to
record the
electrical
resistance of the
skin.
The newer softwares and machines
 P300 OR THE BRAIN MAPPING
TEST:
This test was
developed and
patented in 1995
by neurologist Dr.
Lawrence A.
Farwell,
Brain Wave
Science,
 Then sensors are attached to
the subjects head and the
person is seated before a
computer monitor.
He is then shown certain
images or made to hear
certain sounds
The sensors monitor electrical
activity in the brain and
register P300 waves, which
are generated only if the
subject has connection with
the stimulus i.e. picture or
sound.
 The subject is not asked any questions
Brain finger printing test matches information
stored in the brain with information from the
crime scene.
Studies have shown that an innocent suspects
brain would not have stored or recorded
certain information, which an actual
perpetrators brain would have stored.
The Forensic Science Laboratory in
Bangalore first center in India
which conducts the Brain-mapping
or Brain-finger printing test.
 Narcoanalysis
Narcoanalysis Test also known as
the Truth Serum test.
According to Websters Dictionary,
the word had its origin in the 20th
century
Coined from narco- + analysis. It
means psychoanalysis using
drugs to induce a state akin to
sleep.
 Various drugs used
Seconal
Scopalamine ( hyoscine )
Sodium pentothal
Sodium amytal
phenobarbitol
 Team of people
Anaesthetist
Psychiatrist
Clinical /forensic psychologist
Audio/video grapher
Supporting nursing staff
Physician for giving fitness
Historical aspects
Early in the 20th century,
physicians began to employ
scopolamine along with
morphine and chloroform, to
induce a state of twilight
sleep during childbirth.
In 1922 it occurred to Robert
House, a Dallas Texas
Obstetrician
under the influence of
scopolamine cannot create a
lie and there is no power to
think or reason.
Scopalamine and world war 2
 Prerequisites for narcoanalysis
This procedure is conducted in
government hospitals
After a court order is passed
instructing the doctors or hospital
authorities to conduct the test.
Personal consent of the subject is
also required.
 Test proper
The narcoanalysis test is conducted by
mixing 3 grams of Sodium Pentothal or
Sodium Amytal dissolved in 3000 ml of
distilled water.
Depending on the persons sex, age,
health and physical condition, this mixture
is administered intravenously along with
10% of dextrose over a period of 3 hours
with the help of an anaesthetist.
The rate of administration is controlled to
drive the accused slowly into a hypnotic
trance.
 What does this drug do
drug depresses the
central nervous system,
lowers blood pressure and
slows the heart rate,
putting the subject into a
hypnotic trance resulting
in lack of inhibition
 The subject is then interrogated by
the investigating agencies in the
presence of the doctors
The revelations made during this
stage are recorded both in video and
audio cassettes
 Uses of narcoanalysis
psychiatric practice of narcoanalysis.
Police interrogation

Objective of both the procedures is different

In psychiatric practice for diagnosis and
treatment
In latter it is for obtaining evidence
 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF
NARCOANALYSIS TEST
Narcoanalysis as a scientific tool of interrogation,
helps a lot in crime prevention and detection
Dealing with an accuseds psychological
expressions, definitely better than third degree
treatment to extract truth from an accused.
 What are the problems ?
The person to administer them has to be a highly
qualified physician.
It is always difficult to determine the correct dose
of the drug,
If the subject is an abuser of other
intoxicants/narcotics, narcoanalysis could fail to
disinhibit them on account of the property of
cross tolerance
 Ethical and legal issues of the
test
Constitution is Art. 20(3). It deals with the
privilege against self incrimination
The characteristic features of this principle
are-
The accused is presumed to be innocent,
That it is for the prosecution to establish
his guilt, and
That the accused need not make any
statement against his will.
 Article 20(3)
Art. 20(3) this privilege reads, No person
accused of any offence shall be compelled
to be a witness against himself.
fundamental question pertaining to judicial
matters and also to Human Rights.
Encroachment of an individuals rights,
liberties and freedom.
Considered by many as a violation of Art.
20(3) of Constitution
 Section 45 of the Indian
Evidence Act, 1872
When the court has to form an
opinion on science examples
handwriting or finger impression, the
opinion of skilled person are
relevant.
However this section is silent on
other aspects of forensic evidence
that can be admissible in court
 S.161 (2) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure states that
Every person is bound to answer
truthfully all questions, put to him by
[a police] officer, other than
questions the answers to which,
would have a tendency to expose
that person to a criminal charge,
penalty or forfeiture.
 S.161 (2) of the Code
EXAMPLE
Right to Silence has been granted to the
accused by virtue of the pronouncement in
the case of Nandini Sathpathy v. P.L.Dani
No one can forcibly extract statements
from the accused, who has the right to
keep silent during the course of
interrogation (investigation).
By the administration of these tests,
forcible intrusion into ones mind is being
restored to, thereby nullifying the validity
and legitimacy of the Right to Silence.
 What people opine?

Dr.P.Chandrashekar a leading
forensic expert it as unscientific
third degree investigation
central intelligence agency
admitted it as an psychotic
manifestation with hallucination,
illusion
New jersey supreme court
prohibited the use of narcoanalysis
because of its non reliability
Dr.C.R.Chandrashekar at NIMHANS
feels there 's no guarantee that
person will tell truth.
 Dr.Andrade prof of
psychopharmacology
feels,the patient may say
things that he wished were
true and need not
necessarily true.
Where as, dr. mohan
claims, many people dont
know the
pharmacokinetics of sod.
Pentothal.
The bangalore phenomenon

Genuine belief
Bangalore is
a scientific
hub of India
Now that I sent
him for
narcoanalysis I
Get more time
Hehehe
 A court in kerala
says no to
narcoanalysis
it is not clear and
uniform
 Doctor can be
punished under the
violation of the act
article 20(3)
So what is the
future
 What do u expect in future
Mr RAO I wont give consent , and
the case in pending in supreme court
Dr Mohan says he will go public with
his results in august 2007
But it dint happen will it happen..?
Some recent cases