Biology

THE STUDY
OF LIFE
 Beginning of life

Big bang theory

the formation of
elements Hydrogen,
Helium and Lithium

The hierarchy
organization of life
from lowest t highest
 Who can tell us the oldest living thing on earth?

Fossil- is any preserved

remains, impression, or
trace of any once-living
thing from a past geological
age.

Fossil record: History of

life as documented by
fossils, the remains or
imprints of the organisms
from earlier geological
periods preserved in
sedimentary rock.
paleontology: a science
dealing with the life of past
geological periods as
known from fossil remains
Paleontologist the one
who study
First recorded living organism
 Environmental and biological changes since the
beginning of earth

climate and temperature

Climate and temperature
of the earth is not uniform
It dictates the adaptation
of organisms
Example
 Atmosphere
Abundance of oxygen
Photosynthesis help
increase oxygen
Drop of atmospheric
oxygen
Causes the extinction of
different species
 Land masses and
surrounding bodies of
water
Drifted and separated

Terrestrial
Aquatic
 Flood Glaciation
Causes extinction Result of being covered by
ice sheets or glaciers
it rises the water level of
ocean
 Volcanic eruption Meteorite impact
Causes the changes on
earth and organisms
Blocked solar radiation
Limit photosynthesis
 Mass extinction
Threatened species are any
species which are vulnerable to
endangerment in the near
future.
Endangered, (EN)
species is a species which
has been categorized as
likely to become extinct.
International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Critically Endangered (CR)

species face an extremely high
risk of extinction in the wild
 History of life

Archaean Eon Archaea

(archaeabacteria)
Microorganisms thrived
within ocean
Singled-celled organisms
prokaryotes
Lack of true nucleolus
2 groups
Eubacteria (bacteria)
 Heterotrophs
an organism requiring
organic compounds for its
principal source of food.
depend to others
Autotrophs
are those organisms that
are able to make their own
food from inorganic raw
material by using basic
energy sources such as
sunlight.
Plants are the prime
example of autotrophs,
using photosynthesis
Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell
 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are similar in several
ways. Both types of cells are enclosed by cell membranes
(plasma membranes), and both use DNA for their genetic
information.
Prokaryotes include several kinds of microorganisms,
such as bacteria and cyanobacteria.
Eukaryotes include such microorganisms as fungi,
protozoa, plants and animals
Viruses are considered neither prokaryotes nor
eukaryotes because they lack the characteristics of living
things, except the ability to replicate (which they
accomplish only in living cells).
 History of cell theory
Cell theory states that cell is the basic unit of life.
 Rudolf Virchow, German Czech experimental
pathologist recognized physiologist Johannes
that cells came from pre Purkinje discovered the
existing cells Purkinje effect, Purkinje
cells and Purkinje fibers
and first introduced the
term protoplasm.
 Heritable information

DNA or
Deoxyribonucleic acid
is responsible for carrying
and retaining the
hereditary information in
a cell.
Each DNA molecule is
made up of four types of
chemical building block
called nucleotides.
 DNA is the genetic blueprint which codes for, The position of a gene on a particular
and determines, the characteristics of an chromosome is called the locus (plural
organism = loci)

A gene is a segment of DNA that is passed

down from parents to children and confers a
trait to the offspring.

This includes the physical, behavioral and

physiological features of the organism
Genes are organized and packaged in units
called chromosomes.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. One

set of chromosomes for each pair comes from
a persons mother, and the other set of
chromosomes comes from the father.

)
Monomer comes from mono- (one) and -mer (part). Monomers are small
molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form
more complex molecules called polymers.

The macromolecules DNA and RNA are

referred to as the nucleic acids.
 RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a

polymeric molecule made
up of one or more
nucleotides
essential in various biological
roles in coding, decoding,
regulation, and expression of
genes.
Each nucleotide is made up
of a base (adenine, cytosine,
guanine, and uracil, typically
abbreviated as A, C, G and
U), a ribose sugar, and a
phosphate.
 DNA VS. RNA
The structure of RNA
nucleotides is very similar to
that of DNA nucleotides,
with the main difference
being that the ribose sugar
backbone in RNA has a
hydroxyl (-OH) group that
DNA does not. This gives
DNA its name:

Another minor difference is

that DNA uses the base
thymine (T) in place of uracil
(U). Despite great structural
similarities, DNA and RNA
play very different roles from
one another in modern cells.
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION
HEMEOSTASIS