outline glycolysis to pyruvate

with the yield of ATP and

reduced NAD+

1
 10 steps in Glycolysis 1

Glucose receives a
phosphate group
from ATP
phosphorylation

ATP
to form glucose-6-
hexokinase phosphate.
ADP Process:
phosphorylation
Enzyme:
hexokinase

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2
 2

Glucose-6-
phosphate
isomerization
converted to its
isomer,
fructose-6-
phosphate.
Process:
Isomerization

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3
 3

Another ATP is
invested to
molecule,
forming fructose-
phosphorylation

ATP
1,6-bisphosphate.
Phosphofructokinase Process:
ADP Phosphorylation
Enzyme:
Phosphofructo-
kinase

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4
 4

Fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate is then
split into two 3-
carbon sugars,
glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P)
and
dihydroxyacetone
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde- phosphate (DHAP).
Phosphate (DHAP) 3-phosphate (G3P)
Process: Lysis /
Cleavage

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5
 5

isomerization
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde-
Phosphate (DHAP) 3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) is
converted to its isomer,
glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate
(G3P) a.k.a
phosphoglycerate
(PGAL)
Process: Isomerization

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6
 6
G3P undergoes
dehydrogenation with
G3P/ G3P/ NAD+ as hydrogen
acceptor.
oxidation
2NAD+
Product of this very
exergonic reaction
2NADH + 2H+
G3P reacts with
inorganic phosphate
present in cytosol to
yield 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate
(BPG).
Process: Oxidation /
Dehydrogenation
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7
 7
BPG/ BPG/

One of phosphates of

phosphorylation
Substrate-level
ADP BPG reacts with ADP
to form ATP resulting
ATP in 3-
phosphoglycerate
(3PG).
Process: Substrate-
level
(3PG) (3PG) phosphorylation

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8
 8

(3PG) (3PG)

isomerization
3PG is rearranged
to 2-
phosphoglycerate
(2PG)
Process:
Isomerization.
(2PG) (2PG)

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9
 9

(2PG) (2PG)
ONE molecule of
dehydration
water is removed,
which results in
H20
formation of double
bond. The product,
phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).
Process: Dehydration
(removal of water)

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10
 10

Phosphate group of
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
PEP molecules is
ADP transferred to ADP
to yield ATP and
ATP
pyruvate.
Process: Substrate-
level
phosphorylation.

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11
Review: Glycolysis

12
Watch the animation 1

and answer the 2

following questions
3
Animation
4

5
Energy investing phase
6
Energy yielding phase
Where reduced NAD+ is 7

produced 8
Name of enzymes at 1 & 3
9

10
13
14