B1 Cell Biology - Revision

Key Concepts
Cell Structure
Prokaryote cells
(Bacteria + Archaea)
No nucleus
No organelles

Eukaryote cells (Animal,

Plants, Fungi, Protists)
Have a nucleus
Have organelles
Name of Function Found in Found in Found in Found in
organelle animal plant fungal bacterial
cells cells cells cells

Nucleus Contains genetic information/controls function of cell Y Y Y N

Cytoplasm Chemical reactions take place here Y Y Y Y

Cell Controls what enters/exits cell Y Y Y Y

membrane

Mitochondria Site of respiration Y Y Y N

Ribosome Site of protein synthesis (makes proteins) Y Y Y Y

Cell wall Provides support for cell N Y Y Y

Vacuole Contains cell sap (sugar/salt solution) N Y N N

Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis N Y N N

Loose DNA Contains genetic information N N N Y

Plasmids Contains genetic information N N N Y

DNA and Chromosomes
Humans have 46
chromosomes in 23 pairs

Chromosomes are made

of DNA

Sections of DNA that

code for a particular
characteristic are called
genes
The cell cycle and mitosis
To make more cells for
growth and repair the cell
has to:
Cell grows
DNA replicates
DNA checked for errors
Mitosis
Cytoplasm divides into
separate, identical cells
Stem Cells
Definition: Undifferentiated cells that can become any type
of cell

Stem cells could be used to treat many diseases such as

paralysis and Alzheimer's

Stem cells can be collected from:

Adult bone marrow (can only form blood cells-limitation)

Embryos (can form any type of cell but have ethical issues)
Stem Cells For and Against
For Against
Adult stem cells can treat blood Embryos used are a potential life
diseases
Embryonic stems cells can replace any Ignoring embryos human rights
faulty cell type (can treat many more
types of disease)

Future therapeutic cloning to grow Can cause cancer

whole organs from stem cells

Embryos used are spare from IVF Still requires research = time + money
Respiration
What is respiration?
Chemical reaction to release energy from glucose in cells

Where does respiration happen?

Mitochondria of cells

Why do cells need energy?

Movement muscle contraction
Build up molecules
Provide heat energy
Active transport
Respiration equations
Aerobic respiration:

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water (Energy)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Anaerobic respiration (animals):

Glucose Lactic acid + (Energy)

Anaerobic respiration (fungi + plants):

Glucose Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + (Energy)