MIS 3520

Data Communications &

Networking

2
Ch 1
Data Comm Basics

1
 Todays Outline
Basic concepts of data comm.
Types of networks
Layered models of network
OSI
TCP/IP model

MIS3520 Class Notes 2

 Basic DC-Concepts
DC = Data Communications is the
transmission of data between computers or
computing devices.
DC is also referred to as the Networking,
because it involves the transmission of data
over a network, which is a group of equipment
and transmission lines that is used by the users
located in many locations to transfer data.
Telecommunication ?

MIS3520 Class Notes 3

 5-Components of a DC-System
Message is the info to be communicated.
Sender is the device that sends the data.
Receiver is the device that receives the
data.
Medium is the physical path over/through
which the message travels from the sender to the
receiver.
Protocol is a set of rules that govern the
data communication from sender to the receiver.

Our focus of study ? PROTOCOL

MIS3520 Class Notes 4
 Types of Networks - LAN
Local Area Network (LAN)
Connects computers that are physically close together (in a
single building or group of buildings).
high speed

Limited distance

Limited number of computers for a single LAN

Media:
Twisted-pair wire (Like university computer labs, the

wires have t be twisted to solve the interference

problem and avoid sending two copies) , fiber optic
(can carry large capacity of data without a singe
attenuation or weakens of the signal for 5 km) , or radio
waves (like cell phone device)
MIS3520 Class Notes 5
 Types of Networks -WAN
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A computer network that spans a relatively
large geographical area.
A WAN consists of two or more LAN
Largest WAN (Internet)
World wide web is just an application
to run the internet but not the
internet it self

MIS3520 Class Notes 6

 Standards Agencies
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
ietf.org, international community concerned with the
development and operation of Internet
Administered by the Internet Society, isoc.org
W3C: World Wide Web
w3.org
ACM & IEEE
ACM: Association for Computing Machinery
acm.org
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ieee.org
International professional societies
Technical conferences, magazines, and journals

MIS3520 Class Notes 7

 Todays Outline
Basic concepts of data comm.
Types of networks
Layered model of network
OSI
TCP/IP model

MIS3520 Class Notes 8

 Needs For A Layered Model
Network Hardware/Software is highly structured
This technique has been immensely successful
The key is Layered design
Each layer provides a service to the layer above
Each layer hides details of how the service is provided
from the layer above
The Nth layer on one machine talks to or interacts
with the Nth layer on another machine

MIS3520 Class Notes 9

 Organization of air travel KR
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

a series of steps
MIS3520 Class Notes 10
 Organization of air travel:
a different view KR

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

Layers: each layer implements a service

via its own internal-layer actions

relying on services provided by layer below

MIS3520 Class Notes 11
 KR
Layered air travel: services
Counter-to-counter delivery of person+bags

baggage-claim-to-baggage-claim delivery

people transfer: loading gate to arrival gate

runway-to-runway delivery of plane

airplane routing from source to destination

MIS3520 Class Notes 12

 Distributed implementation of
layer functionality KR

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

Departing airport

arriving airport
baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing
MIS3520 Class Notes 13
 Why layering? KR
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification
relationship of complex systems pieces
layered reference model for discussion
Easier Implementation of functions
Task broken into subtasks
Implemented separately in layers in stack
Functions needed in both systems
Peer layers communicate

MIS3520 Class Notes 14

 Why layering? (2) KR

modularization eases maintenance, updating

of system
change of implementation of layers service
transparent to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest
of system

MIS3520 Class Notes 15

 Network Architecture
A Layered Model
The set of protocols and layers together
make up the Network Architecture
A Network Architecture Specification must provide
enough information to allow implementation in
hardware/software
Implementation of specific details are not part of
the architecture and should be irrelevant for inter-
operation
With one protocol per layer we have a Protocol
Stack

MIS3520 Class Notes 16

 Protocols
Conventions and rules governing the
interaction
A protocol is an agreement about how
communications are to proceed
Without a protocol communication can be
difficult or even impossible

MIS3520 Class Notes 17

 Standardized Protocol
Architectures
Required for devices to communicate
Vendors have more marketable products
Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
Two standards:
OSI Reference model
Not in use in North America
TCP/IP protocol suite
Most widely used
De facto

MIS3520 Class Notes 18

 Moving Data: Circuit Switching
Switching
Establishing a temporary
connection between two
devices
Circuit Switching
Entire message travels together
Used for analog signals
(old telephone networks)
Dedicated capacity
Like a using a train to carry
cargo

Source: Laudon, Laudon and Brabston (2007)

MIS3520 Class Notes 19
 Moving Data: Packet Switching
Packet Switching
Sender splits the message into small packets
Packets are routed in the most economical way by different routes
Receiver reassembles the message
Shared capacity, Like a using a team of trucks to carry cargo

Source: Laudon, Laudon and Brabston (2007)

Ch 7 - Part 1 FC Fall 2008 20

 OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection
Developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Seven Layers
A Theoretical System
TCP/IP is the De Facto Standard

MIS3520 Class Notes 21

 OSI Layers

Application -------- Acronyms

Presentation ------ Pointless
Session ------------ Students
Transport ---------- Teach
Network ------------ Not
Data Link ----------- Do
Physical ------------- Please

MIS3520 Class Notes 22

 OSI Layers (1)
Application
Means for applications to access network by
providing a set of utilities for application program
Presentation
Format the data for presentation to the user
Data Formatting
Data Compression
Encryption
Session
responsible for initiating, maintaining and
terminating each logical session between sender and
receiver
MIS3520 Class Notes 23
 OSI Layers (2)
Transport
deals with end-to-end issues such as
segmenting the message for network
transport, and maintaining the logical
connections between sender and receiver
Message segmentation and sequencing
Error recovery
Flow control
Network
responsible for making routing decisions
MIS3520 Class Notes 24
 OSI Layers (3)
Data Link
deals with error control and network medium
access control
Physical
Transmitting data bits over a communication
circuit
Rules by which ones and zeros are transmitted
Voltage of electricity
Number of bits per second
Physical format of cables and connectors

MIS3520 Class Notes 25

 TCP/IP Model
TCP = Transmission Control Protocol
IP = Internet Protocol
TCP/IP is an Internet Model
This model has only 5-layers
It is simpler and more practical than the
7-layered OSI-Model

MIS3520 Class Notes 26

OSI & TCP/IP

OSI TCP/IP
Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport
Network Internet/Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical

MIS3520 Class Notes 27

 Packetizing
Messages are transmitted in packets
Packets (also known as):
Cells, frames, packets, block, data units
However, they are loosely used interchangeably!
Frame: is used in the data link layer
Packet: is used in the network layer
Segment: is used in the transport layer
Header + PDU (Protocol Data Unit) + Trailer

MIS3520 Class Notes 28

 Encapsulation
Addition of Control Information to Data
Address Information
Error-detecting Code
Protocol Control

MIS3520 Class Notes 29

 Protocol layering and data
Each layer takes data from above
adds header information to create new data
unit
passes new data unit to layer below

source destination
M message
M application application
segment
Ht M transport transport Ht M
network datagram
Hn Ht M network Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M link link Hl Hn Ht M frame
physical physical

MIS3520 Class Notes 30

31
 Layer Design Issues
layers need:
Message segmentation and aggregation
Some form of addressing to identify senders and
receivers of messages
Multiplexing / Demultiplexing of multiple message
streams to optimize channels
Flow control (fast sender vs. slow receiver)
Error controls (detection and correction)
A set of rules for data exchange
Routing of messages when there may be several
physical paths
MIS3520 Class Notes 32
 Next Class
Chapter 2 - Application Layer

MIS3520 Class Notes 33