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and Units
November 9, 2017
mAU
Side view F=
t
Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U.
What other parameters control how much force
is required to get a desired velocity?
If this parameter Distance between plates (t)
increases, what Area of plates (A)
does F do?
Viscosity! (m)
Shear Stress
AU Ft N s
F m m dimension of m 2
t AU
F N
Tangential force per unit area m 2
A
m
U U 1
Rate of angular deformation
t t s
du du
m change in velocity with respect to distance
dy dy
rate of shear
Our general equation relating shear and viscosity
Fluid Viscosity
AU Outer
F m U r A 2rh cylinder
t
r = 5 cm Inner
2r 2 h t = 2 mm cylinder
F m
t h = 20 cm
P = 100 x 10-6 W
P Fr 10 rpm Thin layer of water
10rev 2 rad min
2 2 r 3h m
Pt 1.047rad / s
Pm
t 2 2 r 3h min rev 60s
(100x10-6 W) (0.002 m)
m= = 1.16x10 -3
N s/m 2
Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is _____
zero and is
independent of the fluid viscosity
Dynamics
Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid
is moving
Dynamic and Kinematic
Viscosity
nu
Kinematic viscosity (__) is a fluid property
obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity
m by the fluid density
(__)
N s kg m
m [ ] 2
N =
m
m s
2
r
kg
m s
[m2/s]
kg
m 3 rvD vD
Re
m
Connection to Reynolds number!
Density and Specific Weight
Density (kg/m3)
1000
Density (mass/unit 990
980
volume) r ___________
Specific mass 970
960
density of water:1000 kg/m3 950
density of air at 0 50
Temperature (C)
100
Density (kg/m3)
15 C: 1.22 kg/m3 999
g = rg = 9806 N/m3
0 10 20
__________________
Temperature (C)
Perfect Gas Law
PV = nRT
N m
R is the universal gas constant R 8.314
mol K
T is in Kelvin
R
Rtext Mgas is molecular mass
M gas
Mgas for air is 0.029 kg/mole
Why is this Mgas for air reasonable?
N2 28 g/mol, O2 32 g/mol
_______________________________
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
dp dp
Ev Ev
Relates the change in dV / V dr / r
volume to a change in Ev dp
r dr
pressure 2.35
water __________
______ hammer 2.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
dV dp Temperature (C)
How much does water compress?
V Ev
Compression and Expansion of
Gases: What is Ev?
Isothermal (constant
temperature)
RT dp dp
pV p
constant constant = Ev Ev = p
n 1 r dr dr / r
r
Isentropic (no heat
exchanged)
p cp
k
=C where k (specific heat ratio)
r cv
dp dp p dp p
= Ck r k-1
= k kr k-1
=k Ev kp
dr dr r dr r
Speed of Sound (c)
dp dp dp Ev dp
c and E . Solve for
dr
v
dr / r dr r dr
Ev
c c is large for difficult to compress fluids
r
For gasses, if no heat exchanged (isentropic) then we have
Ev kp
kRT
It can be shown that (homework) c
M gas
V
Connection to Mach number! Ma =
c
Vapor Pressure
8000
7000
Dp = 970 Pa