Pratik Biswas

M.Tech (PEED)
Admission No: 15KT000036
 This Project presents a generalised
methodology to Load Balance in a Distribution
System to maintain the stability of the Grid by
optimizing the cost and also reduction of
emission.
The modality of load balancing is discussed
along with cost optimization strategy and
emission reduction.
The problem is formulated and the algorithm
of this project is mapped.
 The objective of the project is to
supply uninterrupted power to the
critical load by utmost utilizing the
Power System resources in most
economical manner with minimum
emission and maintain Grid
Stability.
 Load Forecasting of the critical load.
Weather Forecasting to generate from
Renewable generators
Availability of the generators
Power Balancing
Cost optimization of the generators
Emission Reduction of the Power System
 Load Forecasting is a crucial job to meet the demand
supply equilibrium. The accuracy of the Load
Forecasting is a great significance because it has
commercial as well as environmental impact on the
Power System in term of Cost burden and the Emission
effect respectively.
This technique is adopted to predict the load of the taken
distribution system.
 The availability of solar& wind energy is not guaranteed
at any particular place or time: it depends on the weather
conditions that prevail and that prevailed recently. Since
meteorological agencies provide detailed weather
forecasts round-the-clock.
This predictions to our advantage in planning activities
that require solar and wind energy.
Variable energy generations, particularly from
renewable energy resources such as wind and solar
energy plants have created operational challenges for
the electric power grid because of the uncertainty
involved in their output in the short term. As the
intermittency of these generators are high, these resources
may adversely affect the Grid stability
 For smooth running condition of the power
system the Availability study of the
generators connected in the power system is
very much important. The availability will
be assessed based on its installed capacity
and other factors. The availability of the
generators in the power system is
determined based on the expression.
 The Cost Optimization function should be developed in such a way to
minimize the cost of the power system.

F (Pi) The operating cost of the generating unit i in Rs/Hour

Ci Fuel costs of the generating unit i in Rs/Litre for the Diesel
GeneratorsRs/KWH for Fuel cell and Micro Turbines.
Fi Fuel consumption rate of a generator unit i,
OMi Operation and maintenance cost of a generating unit i in Rs/h
SCi Start up cost of the generating unit i in Rs/h
Pi Decision variables, representing the real power output from
generating unit i in kW
CPP Cost of purchased power if the load demand exceeds the generated
power in Rs/h,
ISP Income for sold electricity if the output generated power exceeds
the load demand
inRs/h.
 The operation and maintenance cost of the generating
unit i (OMi) is assumed to be proportional with the
produced energy, where the proportional constant KOM.

The value of KOM is assumed below

KOM (DG) = 0.01258 Rs/kWh
KOM (FC) = 0.00419 Rs/kWh
KOM (MT) = 0.00587 Rs/kWh.
KOM (ST) = 0.00422 Rs/kWh

The Operation & Maintenance cost of Solar PV and Wind

Turbines is assumed to be negligible.
 The start up cost depends on the shut down time

i is the hot start up cost, i the cold start up cost, i

the unit cooling time constant and Toff,i is the time a
unit has been off.
 The Emission is basically termed as emission of
pollutants such as sulphur oxides SO2, carbon
oxides CO2, and nitrogen oxides NOx, caused by
burning of fuel at diesel generators. The total
emission of these generators can be modelled in
termed as Kg/Hour, which is modelled below
 As per as the Grid Stability and Demand Side
Management are concern the Load Forecasting is very
much important to estimate the other parameters. So
from the load forecasting the load demand of the
system will be estimated.
Weather forecasting should be a vital steps to predict
the solar irradiation, temperature and the wind speed
to calculate the output power of the solar PV, Solar
Thermal and Wind Turbine because the out power will
be different from Standard Reference Condition at
that weather condition.
After Load Forecasting and Weather Forecasting the
availability of the generators will be checked. It is
very important to match the demand and supply.
 As the Solar Power and Wind Power is zero
running cost power and has no emission so these
power is treated as Top Priority Power in terms of
merit order dispatch of generators.
The calculation of the unmet load from the Solar
and wind should be calculated.
Based on the power requirements the Diesel
Generators, Fuel Cell, and Micro Turbines will be
scheduled according to cost optimization and
emission level.
 Power balancing is one of the main objective of
this projects. So to manage the demand and
supply storage is very important. Basically storage
is necessary when the micro generators is
insufficient to serve the load as well as surplus
power at the time of excess generation will be
stored in the storage system.
If the output power is insufficient then purchase of
powerwill be done from the main gird, and if the
output power is more than the load demand then
sell of excess power will be done to the main grid.
 The Load forecasting for the distribution
system will be done by ANN. Weather
forecasting and assumption of
temperature, wind velocity, and solar
irradiation will be predicted and analysed
through weather forecasting and statistical
data. Cost optimization & emission
reduction will be simulated by using
Optimization Technique.
 [1] Solar Power Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Networks, Mohamed Abuella,
Student Member, IEEE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, US and Badrul Chowdhury,
Senior Member, IEEE Energy Production & Infrastructure Center University of
North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, USA

[2] Azmy, A.M., and Erlich, I., Online Optimal Management of PEM Fuel Cells
Using Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.,Vol. 29, No. 2, p.
10511058, Appril 2005.

[3] Orero S. O, and Irving M. R., Large scale uint commitment using a hybrid
genetic algorithm, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy systems.,
Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 4555, 1997.

[4]. Abido M. A Enverionmental/Economic Power Disparch Using Multiobjective

Evolutionary Algorithms, , IEEE Trans. on Power Syst.,Vol. 18, No. 4 November
2003 p. 1529 1537
Thank You...