Course 1

Outline
Sedimentology
Sedimentary Processes
Sedimentary Environment & Facies
Stratigraphy
 DEFINITION

Sedimentology is the study of the processes of

formation, transport and deposition of material that
accumulates as sediment in continental and marine
environments and eventually forms sedimentary rocks.

.
% batuan sedimen di alam
 The Goal of Seds. study
Interpret Paleo-env. Deposition
Reconstruct Paleo-geography
Dengan melakukan analisis komposisi batuan
Untuk tujuan eksplorasi
Understand Geometry
Bagian dari identifikasi Reservoir
Predict Rock Quality
Bagian dari karakterisasi Reservoir
No one have ever lived in million years ago, but ...

The present is the key to the past

18th and 19th centuries

Assuming that the laws that govern physical, chemical and biological
processes have not changed through time.

SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES
 The Type of Sedimentary Rocks
Siliciclastic Coal
terregeneous Evaporite
Dalam industri disebut Chert
clastic saja.
Carbonate Jasper
Volumenya cukup etc. ...
besar
Reservoir minyak
terbesar di dunia.
 Sedimentary Processes
Physical processes Chemical processes
Direct precipitation of
Erosion of older rocks minerals
(grains & pebbles) Evaporites
Halite (NaCl), Silvite (KCl)
Siliciclastic
Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone,
Biological processes
Shale, Mudrock
Organisms
Directly ejected from Whole/broken shells, coral reefs, bones and
plant debris
volcanoes.
Microbial filaments
Tuff (?), Volcaniclastic rocks encrusted with shells (CaCO3)
Carbonate, Coal
 Sedimentary Material
Sedimentary material is very varied in:
Origin
Size
Shape
Composition
 Formation of a body of sediment
Transport and Deposition
Transport agents : Gravity , Water,
Air, Ice

Mass flows

In situ growth
Largely influenced by chemistry,
temperature, and biological character
Chemical product : Evaporites
Biological product : Carbonate
 Diagenesa batuan sedimen
Kompaksi
Tekanan lithostatik
Sementasi
Oksida besi, Karbonat
Slatt (2006) p.86
 Sedimentology study ...
Texture
Size shape distribution of particles
Traces (jejak) : rain-drop marks, bekas kekeringan, galian binatang, jejak aliran sungai
Structure
Can be determined by individual layers of sediment.
e.g. Ripples (natural or lab. tank)

clues to in which the material was carried and deposited.

clues to identify paleo-processes thus paleo-geography
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Based on the basis of composition and origin
Siliciclastic
Process : weathering of all kind of
rocks
Composition :
Silicate minerals (Quartz, Feldspar)
Rock fragments (clast)
Example :
Conglomerate, sandstone, shale
Volcaniclastic rocks
Chemical / biochemical
Process : precipitation by chemical &
biogenic process
Location : Ocean, lake
Example :
Biogenic - limestone
Chemical - chert, evaporites (gypsum,
phosphorite, iron-rich sedimentary
rocks)
Carbonaceous
Composition :
Highly altered organic matter
Example : coal and oil shale
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS
AND FACIES
Assuming the laws have not change ...
Physical, chemical and biological conditions assumed as it today.

Our measurements can be used to predict

paleo-condition.
Salinity
Depth and flow velocity in lake or seawater
The strength and direction of the wind in a
desert
The tidal range in shallow marine setting
 Batuan Sedimen Batuan Sedimen
Batuan Beku

Batuan Metamorf
Batuan Metamorf Batuan Beku
 Sedimentary Environments
Land (Continental)
Sea (Marine)
Shoreline (Transitional)

Affected by:
Active physical and chemical process at that time
Living organisms at that time

Depositional env. can be determined using clues:

size, shape and distribution of particles
Fluvial (river) Environment Vegetated Floodplain

Flow of fresh water: Deposits

gravel or sand material on
bars in the channel

Flood: relatively fine sediment

over the floodplain, deposited
in thin layers
Sandy river

After flooding: Soils form and

vegetation grows on the A modern depositional environment: a
sandy river channel and vegetated
floodplain area. floodplain.
 Fluvial (river) Succession

Sedimentary rocks interpreted as the deposits of a river channel

(the lens of sandstones in the centre right of the view) scoured
into mudstone deposited on a floodplain (the darker, thinly
bedded strata below and to the side of the sandstone lens).

Channel -> Ch. bars -> Lens

of Ss or Conglomerate

Floodplain -> thinly bedded

mudrock and Ss. -> evidence Conglomerate
Lens of SS
: roots and trace of soil Floodplain
formation
 Sedimentary Facies

A rock facies is a body of rocks with specified characteristics

that reflect the condition under which it was formed.
(Reading & Levell 1996)
 Describing Facies
How to describe facies? Factors that determining
the process of formation, describes facies:
Lithology characterstics
Texture
Sedimentary Structure
Fossil content

Facies association Env. of deposition

(Establish the process that were dominant)
 Every depositional environment has a unique combination of
processes, and the product of these processes, the sedimentary rocks,
will be similarly unique assemblage.
Gary Nichols

THE SPECTRUM OF ENVIRONMENTS

AND FACIES
 Example of Depositional Env.
Classes & Categories
Classes
Delta
Estuary
Shoreline

Both have sub-categories:

Wave-dominated
Tide-dominated
River-dominated

Sometimes they are very typical.

STRATIGRAPHY
 Term stratigraphy dates back to dOrbingy in
1852 but the concept is much older.

Steno (1667) : in a sequence of layered rocks,

any layer is older than the layer next above it.
Principle of Superposition
STRATIGRAPHY
Stratigraphy is the study of rocks to determine the order
and timing of events in Earth history
Provides the time frame of dynamic evolving environments

Establish a nomenclature of rock units of all ages and correlating them all
around the world

Stratigraphys concept: Layers of rocks or strata representing a sequence of

events in the past.

Stratigraphy is relationship between rocks and time

 Stratigraphys concern
Age relationships of strata
Successions of beds
Local and worldwide correlation of strata
Stratigraphic order
Chronological arrangement of beds
 Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy determines the history of the Earth by:
Observation
Description
Interpretation

Using direct & tangible evidence in rocks

Provides temporal framework for geological sciences

Relative ages of rocks
Dating -> fossils preserved in strata, radioactive decay
of elements
 Stratigraphy : Range of study
Dynamics of the Earth
Evidence of the movement of tectonic plates
Plate reconstruction

Mountains
Oceans
Transgression and regression
Rise and fall sea level

Changes in the atmosphere

Climate as global system
Finding the evidence for climate change in the past
The record in the rock strata of local and global changes over periods of thousand to million of years

Evolutionary processes
From the study of fossils found in rock of different ages
Tells us how forms of live have changed through time

Find new resources for HC (oil and gas)

a predictive technique called sequence stratigraphy
widely used to help to find new reserves of oil and gas
 Davidson et al. (2002)
Taken from Slatt (2006) p.136-137
Geologic Time Scale - Biostratigraphy
Triassic period
Permian period
Jurassic period

Pennsylvanian period

Mississippian period

208 m.y 245 m.y 290 m.y

146 m.y 323 m.y
363 m.y
vonian period
409 m.y

rian period
439 m.y

65 m.y 1 b.y

57 m.y
510 m.y

570 m.y
Evolution of cells
with nucleus
35 m.y

23 m.y
2 b.y

5 m.y
Oldest
fossil
3 b.y cells
0.01 million
years ago

4.6 billion
4 b.y
years ago

Oldest rocks
dated on Earth
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH
Holocene
epoch
 Combination of Seds. and Strats.
Allow us to build up pictures of the Earths
surface at different times in different places and
relate them to each other.
Build up pictures of the palaeogeography.
Establish changes in palaeogeography through
Earth history.
Tips :
To complete the picture, figure how it related to plate tectonics. Because,
(1) mountain building provides the source,
(2) sedimentary basins are in which sediment accumulates.
Next ...
Hjlstrom diagram

Erosion

Deposition