Anatomy: Regions,Systems,Organs

Dr Nazma Farhat
 ANATOMY
The term 'anatomy' is derived from the Greek
word 'temnein' meaning 'to cut'.
Anatomy is the science of the structure and
function of the body
Anatomy includes those structures that can be
seen grossly (without the aid of magnification)
and microscopically (with the aid of
magnification).
 HOW TO STUDY ANATOMY
Anatomy can be studied following
either a regional or a systemic
approach.

With a regional approach, each region

of the body is studied separately and all
aspects of that region are studied at the
same time. For example, if the Thorax is
to be studied, all of its structures are
examined. This includes the
vasculature, the nerves, the bones, the
muscles and all other structures and
organs located in the region of the body
defined as the Thorax. After studying
this region, the other regions of the
body (i.e. the Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower
Limb, Upper Limb, Back, and Head and
Neck) are studied in a similar fashion.
 HOW TO STUDY ANATOMY
In a systemic approach, each
system of the body is studied and
followed throughout the entire
body. For example, a study of the
cardiovascular system looks at the
heart and all of the blood vessels in
the body. When this is completed,
the nervous system (brain, spinal
cord and all the nerves) might be
examined in detail. This approach
continues for the whole body until
every system, including the
skeletal, muscular, gastrointestinal,
respiratory, lymphatic, and
reticuloendothelial systems, has
been studied.
 SUBDIVISONS OF ANATOMY
1. Gross (Topographical) Anatomy
2. Surface Anatomy
3. Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
4. Microscopic Anatomy (Cytology & Histology)
5. Other subdivisions are :
Radiological anatomy
Forensic anatomy
Comparative anatomy
Anthropological anatomy (physical anthropology)
Pathological (morbid) anatomy
Surgical (variation) anatomy
Applied (clinical) anatomy
Neonatal anatomy etc
 GROSS ANATOMY
Study of the parts and structures of the body with nacked eye. Also known as
macroscopic Anatomy.
How to study ?
Dissection and inspection of cadavers (human dead bodies)
Studying dissected & preserved specimens
Models
Diagrams
Lectures / Tutorials and other class room activities
 Regional anatomy
Gross anatomy may be studied either regionally or systematically
Regional Anatomy: Study of the parts and structures such as bones, joints, muscles,
blood vessels, nerves and organs and their relationship to each other in one region
of the body
Regions of the body
1. Head & Neck
2. Trunk (torso)
3. Upper limbs
4. Lower limbs
The trunk is subdivided
Thorax
Abdomen
Abdomen proper
Pelvis
Perineum
 Regional anatomy
The Upper limb consists of
Shoulder
(pectoral region, scapular
region,
axilla, shoulder joint )
Arm
Forearm
Hand
The Lower Limb consists of
Gluteal region (buttock)
Thigh
Leg
Foot
 Systemic Anatomy
The study of group of organs / structures concerned with the same / similar functions

The organ systems of the body

Skeletal system(including joints)
Muscular system
Cardio-vascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive(alimentary) system
Urinary(renal) system
Reproductive(Genital) system
Endocrine system
Nervous system (including sensory organs)
Integumentary system(skin)
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
Organs of
different
systems
of human
body
 SURFACE ANATOMY
branch of anatomy which studies the features and landmarks on
the surface of the body which correspond( in relation )to deeper
structures hidden from the view
Contours
Outlines
Bony prominences
Cartilaginous prominences
Density
How?
By observation
By palpation
By auscultation
SURFACE ANATOMY
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY/HISTOLOY

Study of the minute structure of the body with the aid of microscope which
includes histology (the study of the structural details at tissue level)
cytology ( at cellular level) and molecular biology (at molecular level)
Cytology
Microscopic study of the structure of the cell
How?
Staining of tissues/cells/cellular components
preparation of slides
observing under microscope
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY/HISTOLOY

Fig. Smooth muscle cells (fibres) in transverse

(above) and longitudinal (below) section in the Fig. Three-dimensional
human intestinal wall. Individual cells are representation of smooth muscle
spindle-shaped with a single central nucleus, cells.
aligned in parallel with neighbouring cells in a
fasciculus.
 EMBRYOLOGY (DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY)

It is the study of the

formation and development
of the organism from the
time of fertilization till birth
Teratology:
Study of abnormalities of
the development
 Viscera - Organs
Viscera form two groups
-Thoracic viscera
-Abdomino-pelvic viscera

It is convenient to study the viscera

by grouping best according to their
functions:
-the respiratory apparatus
-the digestive apparatus
-the urogenital apparatus
 ORGANS/VISCERA

stomach

Digestive system
 Anatomical position
The anatomical position is used as a reference when
describing parts of the body in relation to each other. Used in
conjunction with terms of relationship, terms of comparison
and terms of movement, the anatomical position allow a
standard way of documenting where one part of the body is
in relation to another, regardless of whether the body is
standing, lying down, or in any other position.
A person in the anatomical position is standing erect with
the head, eyes and toes pointing forward, feet together with
arms by the side. The palms of the hands directed forwards.
Anatomical position