Chapter 1 The Worlds

of Database Systems
1 File Systems and Databases
Prof. Sin-Min Lee
Dept. of Computer Science
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Tuesday Thursday
10:15 11:30
 Your evaluation in this course is determined by:

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 Text Book

1 NARAYAN
UMANATH &
RICHARD W.
S.

SCAMELL, DATA
MODELING AND
DATABASE
DESIGN, 2007
Thomson
 GOOD REFERENCE

A. Silberschatz, H.F. Korth, S. Sudarshan: Database System

Concepts, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2006.

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 The mediocre teacher tells.
The good teacher explains.

1 The superior teacher

demonstrates.
The great teacher inspires.
 Files and Databases
File: A collection of records or documents dealing
with one organization, person, area or subject
(Rowley)

1 Manual (paper) files

Computer files
Database: A collection of similar records with
relationships between the records (Rowley)
Bibliographic, statistical, business data, images, etc.
 Introducing the Database
Major Database Concepts
Data and information

Data - Raw facts
Information - Processed data

Data management
Database

Metadata

Database management system (DBMS)

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 Sales per Employee for Each of ROBCORS Two Divisions

Figure 1.1
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 Database Systems
Types of Database Systems
Number of Users
Single-user

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Desktop database
Multiuser
Workgroup database
Enterprise database
Scope
Desktop
Workgroup
Enterprise
 Database Systems
Types of Database Systems
Location

Use

Centralized
Distributed

Transactional (Production)
Decision support
Data warehouse
 Database
A Database is a collection of stored operational data
used by the application systems of some particular
enterprise (C.J. Date)

Paper Databases
Still contain a large portion of the worlds knowledge
File-Based Data Processing Systems
Early batch processing of (primarily) business data
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
 Why DBMS?
History
50s and 60s all applications were custom built for particular
needs

File based
Many similar/duplicative applications dealing with
collections of business data
Early DBMS were extensions of programming languages
1970 - E.F. Codd and the Relational Model
1979 - Ashton-Tate and first Microcomputer DBMS
 File Based Systems
Application File
Delivery Toys

1 List

Coal
Estimation
Addresses

Naughty

Just what
asked for Nice Toys
 From File Systems to DBMS
Problems with file processing systems
Inconsistent data
Inflexibility

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Limited data sharing
Poor enforcement of standards
Excessive program maintenance
 DBMS Benefits
Minimal data redundancy
Consistency of data
Integration of data

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Sharing of data
Ease of application development
Uniform security, privacy, and integrity controls
Data accessibility and responsiveness
Data independence
Reduced program maintenance
 Terms and Concepts
Data independence
Physical representation and location of data and the use of
that data are separated

The application doesnt need to know how or where the
database has stored the data, but just how to ask for it
Moving a database from one DBMS to another should not have
a material effect on application program
Recoding, adding fields, etc. in the database should not affect
applications
 Database Environment

1 CASE
Tools
User
Interface
Application
Programs

Repository
DBMS Database
 Database Components
DBMS
===============
Design tools
Table Creation

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Form Creation
Query Creation
Report Creation Application
Procedural
language
Programs
Database
compiler (4GL)
=============
Run time
Database contains:
Form processor User
Users Data Query processor
Metadata Report Writer
Interface
Indexes Language Run time Applications
Application Metadata
 Types of Database Systems
PC databases
Centralized database
Client/server databases

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Distributed databases
Database models
 PC Databases
E.g.:
Access
FoxPro
1 Dbase
Etc.
 Centralized Databases

1 Central
Computer
 Client Server Databases
Client

1
Client
Network

Database
Server
Client
 Distributed Databases
Location B
Location C

1 computer
computer

Homogeneous
computer Databases
Location A
 Distributed Databases
Heterogeneous Client
Or Federated Remote
Databases Comp.

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Database
Server
Local Network

Comm
Server
Remote
Client Comp.
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 Introducing the Database
Importance of DBMS
It helps make data management more efficient

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and effective.
Its query language allows quick answers to ad
hoc queries.
It provides end users better access to more and
better-managed data.
It promotes an integrated view of organizations
operations -- big picture.
It reduces the probability of inconsistent data.
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 The DBMS Manages the Interaction
Between the End User and the Database

Figure 1.2
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 Introducing the Database
Why Database Design Is Important?
A well-designed database facilitates data

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management and becomes a valuable information
generator.
A poorly designed database is a breeding ground
for uncontrolled data redundancies.
A poorly designed database generates errors that
lead to bad decisions.
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 Historical Roots
Why Study File Systems?
It provides historical perspective.

It teaches lessons to avoid pitfalls of data
management.
Its simple characteristics facilitate understanding
of the design complexity of a database.
It provides useful knowledge for converting a file
system to a database system.
 Contents of the CUSTOMER File

Figure 1.3
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 Table 1.1 Basic File Terminology
Data Raw facts that have little meaning unless they have been
organized in some logical manner. The smallest piece of data
that can be recognized by the computer is a single
character, such as the letter A, the number 5, or some
symbol such as; ? > * +. A single character requires one

1 Field
byte of computer storage.
A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric)
that has a specific meaning. A field might define a telephone
numbers, a birth date, a customer name, a year-to-date
(YTD) sales value, and so on.
Record A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes
a person, place, or thing. For example, the fields that
comprise a record for a customer named J. D. Rudd might
consist of J. D. Rudds name, address, phone number, date
of birth, credit limit, unpaid balance, and so on.
File A collection of related records. For example, a file might
contain data about ROBCOR Companys vendors; or, a file
might contain the records for the students currently enrolled
at Gigantic University.
 Contents of the AGENT File

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Figure 1.4
 A Simple File System

Figure 1.5
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