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MTK3013
DISCRETE STRUCTURES
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Logic
Crucial for mathematical reasoning
Important for program design
Used for designing electronic circuitry
y > 5
Is this a statement? no
Its a request.
Is this a proposition? no
Combining Propositions
Negation (NOT)
Unary Operator, Symbol:
p p
true false
false true
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Conjunction (AND)
Binary Operator, Symbol:
p q pq
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false
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Disjunction (OR)
Binary Operator, Symbol:
p q pq
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false
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Exclusive Or (XOR)
Binary Operator, Symbol:
p q pq
true true false
true false true
false true true
false false false
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p q pq
true true true
true false false
false true true
false false true
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Conditional Statement
If p, then q A sufficient
If p, q condition for q is p
p is sufficient for q q whenever p
q if p q is necessary for p
An necessary q follows from p
condition for p is q
p implies q
p only if q
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Example :
p : Maria learns Discrete Structures
q : Maria will find a good job. Express the
statement p q.
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Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
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Converse
The ________
converse of a conditional statement is
formed by switching the hypothesis and the
conclusion.
Example:
(Conditional) If I am sleeping, then I am
breathing.
(Converse) If I am breathing, then I am
sleeping.
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Inverse
The ________
inverse of a conditional statement is
formed by negating (inserting not) the
hypothesis and the conclusion.
Example:
(Conditional) If I am sleeping, then I am
breathing.
(Inverse) If I am not sleeping, then
I am not breathing.
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Contrapositive
contrapositive
The ______________ of a conditional
statement is formed by negating the
hypothesis and the conclusion of the
converse.
Example:
(Converse) If I am breathing, then I am
sleeping.
Practice :
Conditional If m<A = 30, then <A is
acute.
Inverse
(insert not)
Converse
(switch)
Contrapositive
(switch then
insert not)
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Conclusion
The conditional statement and its contrapositive
have the same truth value.
A. hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. neither
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A. hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. neither
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P Q PQ
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false true
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P Q P Q (P)(Q)
true true false false false
true false false true true
false true true false true
false false true true true
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P Q PQ (PQ) (P)(Q)
true true true false false
true false false true true
false true false true true
false false false true true
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Equivalent Statements
P Q (PQ) (P)(Q) (PQ)(P)(Q)