Digital Modulation

Sukiswo
sukiswok@yahoo.com

Sistem Telekomunikasi, Sukiswo, ST, MT 1

Outline
Digital modulation and digital radio
Information Capacity
bit, bitrate, baud and minimum bandwidth
M-ary encoding
ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK and DPSK
Analog Digital Communication

Analog Communications :Transport of

analog information: i.e. base-band analog
modulated CW carrier or pulse modulation

Digital Communications Transport of

digital information: i.e. digital modulated
CW carrier or pulse-code modulation
Modulation Principle
Change parameters of a carrier

vam ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2p f ct + q c )
Information signal: Ac(t)
fc(t)
q(t)
Analog Digital

Ac(t) : amplitude modulation AM ASK

fc(t) : frequency modulation FM FSK
q(t) : phase modulation PM PSK

Ac(t) and q(t) QAM (Digital)

Block diagram of a digital radio system
Bandwidth and information capacity
Hartleys law 1920

I B t
I = information capacity

B= system bandwidth (Hertz)

t = transmission time (seconds)

Bandwidth and information capacity
Shannon limit for information capacity

S S
I = B log 2
1 + = 3.32 B log10
1+
N N
I = information capacity (bit/second)

B= system bandwidth (Hertz)

S/N = signal-to-noise power ratio (unitless)

M-ary Encoding
N = log 2 M 2 =M
N

N = number of bits necessary

M = number of conditions, levels, or

combinations possible with N bits
Baud and Minimum Bandwidth
1
baud =
ts
baud = symbol rate (baud per second)
ts = time of one signaling element (second)

symbol = one signaling element

What is the difference between baud and bits

per second (bps)
Baud and Minimum Bandwidth
f b = 2 B log 2 M
fb = channel capacity (bps)
B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
M = number of discrete signals or voltage
levels
fb fb
B= =2
2 log 2 M N
N = number of bits encoded into each
sysmbol
Binary data sequence signaling
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

A On-off
Tb t

Polar

Return-to-zero

Bipolar
Polar signal spectrum
sin ( pl )
2

( f ) = A T
2

pl

-3/T -2/T -1/T 0 1/T 2/T 3/T

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
A
v ASK ( t ) =
1 + vm ( t )
2 cos ( w ct )

vASK(t) = amplitude-shift keying wave

vm(t) = digital information (modulating) signal (+1 or -1
volt)
A/2 = unmodulated carrier amplitude (volt)
wc = analog carrier radian frequency (rad/sec)
ASK is sometimes referred as OOK (on-off-keying)
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK or OOK)
unmodulated carrier

modulated carrier

t
1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Tb
Amplitude-shift keying spectrum
SS S(f)

-f0 0 f0 f
ASK Transmitter
Binary Binary
Data sequence in X ASK
Unipolar form signal
Accos(2pfct)

t
 Coherent ASK Receiver

Binary ASK Choose 1 if > AcA0Tb

wave Choose 0 if < AcA0Tb
(amplitude A0) Tb
Decision
X
dt
0
device

Accos(2pfct)
Threshold = AcA0Tb
Different OOK Receivers
Filter
Envelope Decision
tuned to
detector device
fc

Incoherent envelope receiver

Tb
Decision
X
dt
0
device

Accos(2pfct) Coherent correlation receiver

Tb
Decision
()2
dt
0
device

Quasi coherent square law receiver

Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

{
vFSK ( t ) = Vc cos 2p }
f c + vm ( t ) f
t

vFSK(t) = frequency-shift keying wave

vm(t) = digital information (modulating) signal (+1
or -1 volt)
Vc = carrier amplitude (volt)
fc = analog carrier frequency (hertz)
f = change (shift) in the carrier frequency (Hz)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Accos(2pfc1t)

1
t

Accos(2pfc2t)

0
t

t
1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Tb
Frequency-shift keying spectrum
Binary FSK Transmitter
X

Unipolar +
Binary Data Accos(2pfc1t) FSK
sequence wave

+
Inverter X
t

Accos(2pfc2t)
Coherent BFSK Receiver
Tb
X
dt
0
+
Binary Accos(2pfc1t)
Decision Choose 1 if >
FSK
device 0
wave -
Choose 0 if <
0
Tb
Threshold = 0
X
dt
0

Accos(2pfc2t)
 Noncoherent BFSK Receiver
Sample at
time t = kTb
BPF
Envelope
tuned to S1
detector
fc1

Choose 1 if S1>S2
Binary Comparison Choose 0 if S1<S2
FSK device
wave

BPF Envelope
tuned to detector S2
fc2 Sample at
time t = kTb
Binary Phase-Shift Keying BPSK
Accos(2pfct)

0
t
-Accos(2pfct)

1
t

t
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

Tb
BPSK spectrum
S S S (f)

-f 0 f
0 0 f
1 1 1 1
- f 0- - f 0+ f 0- f 0+
Tb Tb Tb T b
Binary PSK Transmitter

Binary Binary
Data sequence in X PSK
polar form signal
Accos(2pfct)

t
Coherent binary PSK Receiver

Binary PSK
wave
Tb
Decision
X dt
0
device
Choose 1 if > 0
Choose 0 if < 0
Accos(2pfct) Threshold = 0
 Quadriphase-shift keying (QPSK)

01
t

00
t
10
t
11
t

t
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
QPSK spectrum
S SS
(f)

-f 0 f
0 0 f
1 1 1 1
- f 0- - f 0+ f 0- f 0+
Tb Tb Tb T b
QPSK Transmitter
Q=Quatenary=Quadrature

Accos(2pfct)

Oscillator +
Binary Series to QPSK
bipolar parallel signal
data converter -90
sequence -

Acsin(2pfct)

X
QPSK Transmitter
Sinyal QPSK terdi ri dari 4 phase
4 = M = 2 N N = 2 bit 1 simbol membawa 2 bit
Ada 4 kondisi : 00, 01, 10, 11
Kondisi I (jika input 00)
Inphase tegangan = - 1 V (biner 0)
Quadrature = 1 V (biner 0)
Sisi inphase = -A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = -A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = -A c Cos 2pf c t + ( -A c Sin 2pf c t ) = r Cos ( 2pf c t + )
Sinyal QPSK = r Cos 2pf c t Cos - r Sin 2pf c t Sin
QPSK Transmitter
Kondisi I
Sinyal QPSK = -Ac Cos 2pf c t + ( -Ac Sin 2pf c t ) = r Cos ( 2pf c t + )
Sinyal QPSK = r Cos 2pf c t Cos - r Sin 2pf c t Sin
r Cos 2pf c t Cos = -Ac Cos 2pf c t
- r Sin 2pf c t Sin = -Ac Sin 2pf c t
-Ac
r Cos = -Ac Cos =
r
Ac 3p
r Sin = A c Sin = tan = -1 = tan -1 ( 1) = 135o =
r 4
r 2 Cos 2 + r 2 Sin 2 = 2A 2c r = A c 2
3p
Sinyal QPSK = A c 2Cos 2pf c t + Simbol I
4
QPSK Transmitter
Kondisi II (jika sinyal input 01)
Sinyal QPSK = -A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t = r Cos ( 2pf c t + )
Sinyal QPSK = r Cos 2pf c t Cos - r Sin 2pf c t Sin
r Cos 2pf c t Cos = -A c Cos 2pf c t
- r Sin 2pf c t Sin = A c Sin 2pf c t
-A c
r Cos = -A c Cos =
r
-A c
- r Sin = A c Sin = tan = 1
r
3p 5p
= tan -1 (1) = 225o = 135o = =
4 4
r 2 Cos 2 + r 2 Sin 2 = 2A 2c r = A c 2
3p
Sinyal QPSK = A c 2Cos 2pf c t Simbol II
4
QPSK Transmitter
Kondisi III (jika sinyal input 10)
Sinyal QPSK = A c Cos 2pf c t A c Sin 2pf c t = r Cos ( 2pf c t + )
Sinyal QPSK = r Cos 2pf c t Cos - r Sin 2pf c t Sin
r Cos 2pf c t Cos =A c Cos 2pf c t
- r Sin 2pf c t Sin = -A c Sin 2pf c t
Ac
r Cos =A c Cos =
r
Ac
- r Sin = -A c Sin = tan = 1
r
p
= tan -1 (1) = 45o =
4
r 2 Cos 2 + r 2 Sin 2 = 2A 2c r =A c 2
p
Sinyal QPSK = A c 2Cos 2pf c t + Simbol III
4
QPSK Transmitter
Kondisi IV (jika sinyal input 11)
Sinyal QPSK = A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t = r Cos ( 2pf c t + )
Sinyal QPSK = r Cos 2pf c t Cos - r Sin 2pf c t Sin
r Cos 2pf c t Cos = A c Cos 2pf c t
- r Sin 2pf c t Sin = A c Sin 2pf c t
Ac
r Cos = A c Cos =
r
-A c
- r Sin = A c Sin = tan = 1
r
p 7p
= tan -1 (1) = 45o = = 3150 =
4 4
r 2 Cos 2 + r 2 Sin 2 = 2A 2c r =A c 2
p
Sinyal QPSK = A c 2Cos 2pf c t Simbol IV
4
QPSK Transmitter
Diagram Konstelasi

00 10

01 11
Tugas
Tugas : Buat modulasi QPSK dan
penjabarannya dengan carrier Ac Sin 2pfct
QPSK Transmitter
 Coherent QPSK Receiver
Threshold = 0

Tb
Decision
X
dt
0
device

QPSK Binary Data

Accos(2pfct) Parallel to
wave sequence
series
-90 converter

Tb
Decision
X
dt
0
device

Threshold = 0
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi I (jika input 00)
Sisi inphase = -A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = -A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = -A c Cos 2pf c t -A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Inph =A c Cos 2pf c t ( -A c Cos 2pf c t -A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = - A c2 Cos 2 2pf c t - A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= - A c2 + Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2 - A c2 - A c2
= + Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 0
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi I (jika input 00)
Sisi inphase = -A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = -A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = -A c Cos 2pf c t -A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Q = A c Sin 2pf c t ( -A c Cos 2pf c t -A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = - A c2Sin 2 2pf c t - A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= - A c2 Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2 A c2 - A c2
= + Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 0
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi II (jika sinyal input 01)
Sisi inphase = -A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = -A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Inph =A c Cos 2pf c t ( -A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = - A c2 Cos 2 2pf c t + A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= - A c2 + Cos 4pf c t - Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2 - A c2 A c2
= + Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 0
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi II (jika sinyal input 01)
Sisi inphase = -A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = -Ac Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Q = A c Sin 2pf c t ( -A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = A c2Sin 2 2pf c t A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= A c2 Cos 4pf c t - Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
A c2 A c2 A c2
= Cos 4pf c t Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 1
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi III (jika sinyal input 10)
Sisi inphase = A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = -A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = A c Cos 2pf c t A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Inph = A c Cos 2pf c t ( A c Cos 2pf c t A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = A c2 Cos 2 2pf c t A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= A c2 + Cos 4pf c t - Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
A c2 A c2 A c2
= + Cos 4pf c t Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 1
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi III (jika sinyal input 10)
Sisi inphase = A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = -A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = A c Cos 2pf c t A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Q = A c Sin 2pf c t ( A c Cos 2pf c t A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = - A c2Sin 2 2pf c t + A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= - A c2 Cos 4pf c t - Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2 A c2 A c2
= + Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
- A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 0
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi IV (jika sinyal input 11)
Sisi inphase = A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Inph = A c Cos 2pf c t ( A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = A c2 Cos 2 2pf c t + A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= A + Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2
c
2 2 2
A c2 A c2 A c2
= + Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 1
QPSK Receiver
Kondisi IV (jika sinyal input 11)
Sisi inphase = A c Cos 2pf c t
Sisi Quadrature = A c Sin 2pf c t
Sinyal QPSK = A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t
Keluaran PD Q = A c Sin 2pf c t ( A c Cos 2pf c t + A c Sin 2pf c t )
Keluaran PD = A c2Sin 2 2pf c t + A c2Sin 2pf c t Cos 2pf c t
1 1 1
= A c2 Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
A c2 A c2 A c2
= - Cos 4pf c t + Sin 4pf c t
2 2 2
A c2
Keluaran LPF =
2
Keluaran DD = logic 1
Tugas
Tugas : Buat Demodulasi QPSK dan
penjabarannya dengan carrier Ac Sin 2pfct
Differential Binary PSK Transmitter

Binary XNOR
data Encoded data Level DBPSK
X
shift wave

One-bit
delay Accos(2pfct)
Delayed Encoded
data
Differential Binary PSK Transmitter

(Binary data) XNOR (Delayed Encoded data) = Encoded data

Binary data 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Delayed Encoded data 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

Encoded data 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

Transmitted phase 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 p p p
Transmitted level 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

Detected bit 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
 Non-coherent Differential Binary PSK
Receiver

DBPSK
Tb
wave Decision Choose 1 if > 0
X
dt
0
device Choose 0 if < 0
Delay
Tb
Threshold = 0