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Indications
1. Assist in the diagnosis of (in utero) metabolic disorders, such as
cystic fibrosis, or errors of lipid, carbohydrate, or amino acid
metabolism
2. Assist in the evaluation of fetal lung maturity when preterm
delivery is being considered
3. Detect infection secondary to ruptured membranes
4. Detect fetal ventral wall defects
5. Determine the optimal time for obstetric intervention in cases of
threatened fetal survival caused by stresses related to maternal
diabetes, toxemia, hemolytic diseases of the newborn, or
postmaturity
6. Determine fetal gender when the mother is a known carrier of a
sex-linked abnormal gene that could be transmitted to male
offspring, such as hemophilia or Duchennes muscular
dystrophy
7. Determine the presence of fetal distress in late-stage pregnancy
Evaluate fetus in families with a history of genetic disorders,
such as Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, chromosome or
enzyme anomalies, or inherited hemoglobinopathies
Evaluate fetus in mothers of advanced maternal age (some of
the aforementioned tests are routinely requested in mothers
age 35 and older)
Evaluate fetus in mothers with a history of miscarriage or
stillbirth
Evaluate known or suspected hemolytic disease involving the
fetus in an Rh-sensitized pregnancy, indicated by rising
bilirubin levels, especially after the 30th week of gestation
Evaluate suspected neural tube defects, such as spina bifida
or myelomeningocele, as indicated by elevated 1-
fetoprotein (see monograph titled 1-Fetoprotein for
information related to triple-marker testing)
Identify fetuses at risk of developing RDS
Utilities of Analysis:
a. Amniocentesis
Needle aspiration of amniotic fluid from
the amniotic as; may be transabdominal
or transvaginal; safety performed after
the 14th week of gestation , volume
collected:
2. Specimen handling
Appearance Significance
Colorless with Normal
slight to moderate
turbidity
Blood- streaked Traumatic tap, abdominal
trauma,intra-amniotic
hemorrhage
Yellow HDN
a. Method:____________________________
b. Principles: Lecithin is produced at a relatively low and constant rate until the
35th week of gestation while sphingomyelin is produced at a constant rate
after about 26 week gestation and therefore conserve as a control on which
to base the rise in lecithin. Prior to 35 week gestation, L/S ratio is 1.6 and
rises to >2.0 when lecithin production increases.
2. Amniostat-FLM
a. Method:________________________
b. Principle: the test uses antisera for phosphatidly glycerol and is
affectected by specimen contamination with blood and meconium.
3. Foam stability index
a. method:_____________________________
b. Principle: a semiquatitative measure of the amount of surfactant is
done by adding 0.5 mL of amniotic fluid to increasing amounts of 95%
ethanol (0.42 mL to 0.55 mL in 0.01-mL increments), shaken for 15
seconds, and allowed to sit undisturbed for 15 minutes. If a sufficient
amount of phospholipid is present, a continuous line of bubbles will be
observed even in the presence of alcohol, an anti-foaming agent.
4. Microviscosity
a. Method:______________________
b. Principle: Phospholipids decrease the microviscosity of amniotic
fluid and the change is detected by determining the surfactant to
albumin ratio (mg/g) based on the polarization of a fluorescent dye
that combines (internal standard, decreased fluorescence lifetime
and high polarization).
5. Lamellar body count
a. Method:___________________________
b. Principle: Lamellar bodies (lamellated phospholipids that represent
a storage from of surfactants secreted by the type II pneumocytes of
the fetal lung)range in size from 1.7 to 7.3 fL, and therefore can be
counted using the platelet channel of hematology analyzers.
a. Method:_________________________
b. Principle : the increase in OD of the amniotic fluid caused by the
presence of lamella bodies in determined by centrifuging the
specimen at 2000 g for 10 min and reading the absorbance at
650 nm.
Table 24. Tests for fetal lung maturity
Normal Significance
values
L/S ratio 2.0 FLM
1. Bilirubin assay
a. Method: _____________________
b. Principle: the optical density of amniotic fluid is normally
highest at 365 nm and decreases linearly to 550 nm except when
bilirubin is present where a rise in OD is seen at 450 nm. The
450 is then plotted on a liley graph to determine the severity of
HDN and the need for interventions.
2. Alpha fetoprotein
a. Method:_________________
b. Principle: The Test is based on the measurement of the
neural tube defects using an automated immunoassay
method: results are reported in terms of multiples of the
median with a value >2 MoM considered abnormal
3. Acetylcholinesterase
a. Method: ____________________
b. Principle: Ache is an enzyme derived primarily from the
neural tissue and is normally absent in amniotic fluid. Its
presence in amniotic fluid in conjunction with elevated AFP
values is highly diagnostic of NTDs.
Other Tests