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Presented by : Siska Mandalia

What is Feminism?
A range of political movements, ideologies
and social movements that share a common
goal: to define, establish and achieve political,
economic, personal and social equality of
sexes.
Education
Status
Awareness
Socio-economic opportunities
1. Liberal Feminism : sees the luck of equality of
opportunity within organization and institution such
as education and work as being a major cause
inequality

2. Socialist & Marxist feminism : view the very


structure of such institution and inherently
patriarchal
3. Radical Feminist: in a further contrast,
directs attention towards the institution of
family, sexuality & the oppression of women
through unpaid domestic labor and
reproduction
4. Post Cultural Feminism : would view such a
perspective as essentialist & to be over
homogenizing woman emphasize further the
cultural diversity of woman and the legacy of
colonial power in shaping gender relation
Feminist Empiricism : encompasses research
approaches that seek to work within the
dominant scientific paradigm that was
developed as a result of Enlightenment
thinking and that seek to uncover the truth
by establishing the fact, using accepted
scientific methods of objective research
Stand Point Feminism : embraces those
approaches that question the authority of
dominant social science paradigms and starts
from the premise that the personal is political
(knowledge socially situated)
Postmodern Feminism : seeks not so much to
establish but to deconstruct established
truths (Knowledge Exchange)
Leisure has for long been divided on the lines of
gender, creating a privileged and underprivileged
class where women are relegated the disadvantaged
status in availing leisure opportunities. It is believed
that since long womens leisure has been
constrained, as :
*family resources
*time
*obligations
*childcare
*mens power and control
by: Heimtun, B. and Jordan, F
Feminist tourism researchers have problematized
the notion of the holiday as a site of freedom for
all, highlighting the gender power relations
inherent in the creation and consumption of
tourism
Issues such as body image and concerns about the
social stigma of solo travel have been shown to
cause discomfort and self-consciousness on the
part of women travelling alone although many
women engage in resistance strategies to counter
this
firstly, structural conflicts are those based on
different values, goals and statuses;
secondly, organizational conflicts are those linked
to the process of choosing a destination;
Finally, distributional conflicts arise when one or
more people in the family/group feel that they
have to compromise and do not have much say
over holiday decisions
qualitative research methods
In analyzing the data, both studies used
constant comparison of data
the analysis in two stages; using open coding
and the emergence of as many categories as
possible; and axial coding for the making of
connection between categories
Heimtuns study Jordans study
32 midlife single 39 self-identified as
Norwegian women solo travellers but
The ages of the not all of whom were
participants ranged single at the time of
from 30-70 their travels
recruited by three The ages of the
phases of snowball participants ranged
sampling(close friends;
from 30-70
friends and co-
workers) volunteer for interview
two focus group
meetings

Norwegian women British women


In-group conflicts centering on money issues
were related to interpersonal relationships as
well as tasks
Evidence:
Mundane activities such as eating and
drinking could become the focus of real
conflicts
Evidence:
I think some friendships last longer if you don't
holiday together
Evidence:
avoiding conflict by eschewing time with their
companions in favor of spending time alone

Evidence:
why she felt that solo travel was preferable to
taking holidays with friends:

Evidence:
Given such high stakes, the women often
sought to render potential interpersonal
conflicts hidden although they both disliked
and disagreed with their friend(s) during the
holiday
In the Norwegian study, many of the women
felt that adopting the social identity of the
friend and compromising was preferable to
the alternative of travelling alone.
The majority of the women in the UK study,
however, felt that the benefits of adopting the
social identity of the independent traveller
and taking solo holidays outweighed the
potential risk of such marginalization. These
women identified empowering benefits of
travelling solo such as flexibility, spontaneity,
pride in achievement, the opportunity for
self-reflection and self-development and
gaining confidence
In this study we have demonstrated that
disagreement, animosity, exploitation,
manipulation, domination, irritation, anger,
frustration and disappointment between
friends travelling together may make it
difficult to achieve a luminous state of mind
where feelings of freedom and well-being
predominate

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