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12 Example problem:
f
The wing section in fig A19.23 is subjected to a design
bending moment about X-axis of 5,00,000 in lb, acting in a
direction to put the upper portion in compression
M
b Z
I
Mx
b Z
f
Ix
Mx = 5,00,000 in lb (the given design bending moment)
That is why the effective cross section area is not symmetrical about
the centroidal X-axis
We need to estimate
1/2
1) E
2W 1.9t
f
st
failure stress of stringers
2) Stringer effectiveness factor
Maximum stress on corner members
For simplicity, we will assume these values to solve our problem of fig
A19.23 with Mx = 5,00,000 in lb
We assume:
Z = Z- Z
Ix = 59.80 in4
Mx
b Z
Ix
f
Mx = 5,00,000 in lb, Ix = 59.80 in4
and Z values are in col-7 table
A19.1
47, 000
m.s.= 1 2%
45, 000
(for corner members)
These m.s show that fig A19.23 is an efficient
design for the design B.Mf of 5,00,000 in lb
38, 000
m .s = 1 1% m.s.=
47, 000
1 2%
37, 400 45, 000
( For stringers ) (for corner members)
The wing design as a beam is based on the
concept that a beam fsection will develop the
highest internal bending moment resistance when
the compressive stress in the corner members
reaches its crippling failure stress
Boeing Wing
failure video
Bending and shearing stress analysis of tapered,
f
multi-stringer cantilever wing:
unsymmetrical beam method
In general cantilever wings are tapered in both
depth and planform
Fig A19.24 illustrates a
typical structural layout
f
of the outer wing panel
of a small airplane
f
f
The structure consists of a f
front and rear spar with
span wise stringers
between the two spars
f
Longitudinal stresses (tension and compression) are produced
by
1) external forces normal to the cross section
2) bending moments about X and Z axes
Analysis for bending longitudinal stresses
P
The stress equations are n f
A
where
P
n Pin n ai
A
The normal tension and compression stresses due to bending
f
moment Mx and Mz acting on the unsymmetrical cross section are
given by
I XZ
K1
I X I Z I XZ
2
IZ
K2
I X I Z I XZ
2
IX
K3 X-X and Z-Z are effective area centroidal axes
I X I Z I XZ
2
I XZ
K1
I X I Z I XZ
2
IZ
K2
I X I Z I XZ
2
IX
K3
I X I Z I XZ
2
X-X and Z-Z are effective area centroidal axes
I XZ
K1
I X I Z I XZ
2
IZ
K2
I X I Z I XZ
2
IX
K3
I X I Z I XZ
2
Fig A19.25 shows the cross section at station 20 divided into 14
longitudinal members 1 to 14
f
Since the external load condition to be used places the top surface in
compression, the skin will buckle and thus we use the effective width
f
procedure to obtain the skin portion to act with each stringer
1
E 2 st = 38,000 psi
2W 1.9t
st
f
Fig A19.25 shows the effective skin which is used with each flange
member to give the effective area of members (1) to (7)
Fig A19.25 shows the effective skin which is used with each flange
member to give the effective area of members (1) to (7)
f
f
Fig A19.25 shows the effective skin which is used with each flange
member to give the effective area of members (1) to (7)
The skin on the bottom surface being in tension is all
effective. Fig A19.25 shows the skin area used with each
bottom flange members f
The next factor to decide is the stringer effectiveness factor
as discussed and explained in the previous example
f
For the cross-section of fig A19.25 we will assume that the
compressive failing stress of stringer is the same as that of
the corner member
MX = 1,300,000 in lb MX = 1,000,000 in lb
MZ = -285,000 in lb MZ = -215,000 in lb
The moment My will be the twisting moment and will not generate
normal stresses. Shear stresses due to My will be taken up later
To compute b the constants K1, K2 and K3 are needed for station 20.
From Table A19.2 we have
I X 230.3, I Z 1030 and I XZ 50
f
I XZ 50
K1 0.0002125
( I X I Z I XZ ) (230.3 1030 50 )
2 2
I XZ 50
K1 0.0002125
( I X I Z I XZ ) 235500
2
IZ 1030
K2 0.004378
(235500) 235500
IX 230.3
K3 0.00098
(235500) 235500
b ( K 3 M Z K1M X ) X ( K 2 M X K1M Z ) Z
b [0.00098 (285000) (0.0002125 1,300, 000)]
[0.004378 1,300, 000 (0.0002125)(285000)]Z
b 3.3x 5639 z.......................................................(5)
To compute b the constants K1, K2 and K3 are needed for station 20.
From Table A19.2 we have
I X 230.3, I Z 1030 and I XZ 50
f
I XZ 50
K1 0.0002125
( I X I Z I XZ ) (230.3 1030 50 )
2 2
I XZ 50
K1 0.0002125
( I X I Z I XZ ) 235500
2
IZ 1030
K2 0.004378
(235500) 235500
IX 230.3
K3 0.00098
(235500) 235500
b ( K 3 M Z K1M X ) X ( K 2 M X K1M Z ) Z
b [0.00098 (285000) (0.0002125 1,300, 000)]
[0.004378 1,300, 000 (0.0002125)(285000)]Z
b 3.3x 5639 z.......................................................(5)
Table A19.2 column 1 to 11 and the calculations below the table give
the calculations for determining the section properties, namely A, IX, IZ
and IXZ at station-20 f
Table A19.2 column 1 to 11 and the calculations below the table give
the calculations for determining the section properties, namely A, IX, IZ
and IXZ at station-20 f
b = 3.3x 5639z
f
Column 12 of table A19.2 gives the values of b. The values of x and z are from
column 10 and 11
Multiplying these bending stresses by the stringer areas, the stringer loads are
given in column-13
The sum of the loads in this column should be zero since the total tension must
equal total compression under a pure bending load
f
Stresses at station 47.5
f
IX = 157.4, IZ = 700, IXZ = -35.4
35.4 35.4
K1 0.000324
157.4 700 35.4 2
108950
700
K2 0.00643
108950
157.4
K3 0.001447
108950
Hence
b 14.5 X 6360 Z
f
The stresses in col-12 of each table would be compared to the failing stress
of the flange members to obtain the m.s
f
f
f
f
Analysis of shear stresses in webs and skin
f
The shear flow distribution will be calculated
by using the change in axial load in the
stringers between station 20 and 47.5