Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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on
i. Steel Tanks
Housner (1963)
Has done research on elevated water tanks fixed to the base for seismic
forces.
If the tank has a free water surface there will be sloshing of water during an
earthquake.
The analysis takes into account the hydrodynamic pressure, when a fluid
container is subjected to horizontal accelerations.
The design seismic force for the water tank depends on its flexibility and
hence on the time period.
The formula for calculating time periods for impulsive masses and
convective masses are given.
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Literature Review .Continue
formulas are given for rectangular and circular tanks to calculate period of
vibration, lateral forces , base shear, overturning moment.
A numerical example has done to compare the base shears from UBC
1994,UBC 1997 and ACI 350.3-01 has also presented.
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Literature Review .Continue
To assist the designers for seismic design of tanks, code for liquid storage
tanks has been prepared.
Aim of the author is to evaluate the analysis and design of Ground storage
tanks and Elevated storage tanks.
Author includes detailed analysis and limit state design of ESRs for staging
with different heights and with maximum capacity 100m3.
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Literature Review .Continue
Earthquake forces increases with increase in zone factor and decreases with
increase in staging height.
Analysis and Design of Containers
Analysis of Container
Hydrostatic Analysis
The liquid present in the tank exerts pressure on tank wall and bottom
slab.
The pressure distribution on wall is uniformly.
Varies linearly with depth of liquid.
Acts normal to the surface of the container.
At depth h from liquid top, hydrostatic pressure = h
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Hydrodynamic Analysis
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Modelling of Liquid
Liquid in bottom portion of the container moves with wall, this is
called impulsive liquid.
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Seismic analysis of ground supported circular water tank has been done
according to IS and Euro.
Euro IS comparison
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Method of Design
Limit State Design
Limit state design method consist of Design for Collapse and check
for Serviceability.
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Container design
H D Ast for Tension (mm2)
Capac
ity m3 m m L.S.M Limiting Stress W.S.M Euro
20 1.9 4.04 112 208 208 90
30 2.7 4.04 160 296 296 128
40 3.5 4.04 207 383 383 166
50 2.5 5.45 199 369 369 160
60 2.9 5.45 231 428 428 185
70 3.35 5.45 267 495 495 214
80 3.05 6.16 275 509 509 220
90 3.35 6.16 302 559 559 242
100 3.7 6.16 333 618 618 267
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Design charts and tables has been developed for the calculation of
Serviceability and Ultimate moment.
Serviceability
a cr c
W 1 2
dx h x
M s E s A s d x / 3 2
hx 3 a cr
Mu 0.36 f ck b x u d 0.42 x u
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Design Table for Ms and Mu (Crack width 0.2mm) Clear cover = 45mm, fy = 415 N/mm2, fck = 25
N/mm2, dia = 10mm
Surface Zone Depth (mm)
dia spacing Ast 200 225 250 275 300
Ms Mu Ms Mu Ms Mu Ms Mu Ms Mu
mm mm sqmm kNm kNm kNm kNm kNm kNm kNm kNm kNm kNm
10 100 785 25 39 31 46 37 53 44 60 51 51
10 125 628 21 32 26 37 32 43 37 49 44 44
10 150 524 19 27 23 31 28 36 33 41
10 175 449 17 23 21 27 26 31
10 200 393 16 20
10 225 349
10 250 314
10 275 286
10 300 262
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Design Tables for Ms and Mu
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Step 2- Select serviceability criteria i.e. limited crack width. (Crack Width
Step 3- Refer appropriate table. From that for 15kN-m obtain Thickness
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Design Tables for Ms and Mu .Continue
Step 5- Check for Minimum steel. (For this case using 0.35% as per IS
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Static Load
Static load case contains the self weight of ESR components like
container, slab, bracing, columns etc.
Seismic Load
SDOF System
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MDOF System
When a tank containing liquid vibrates, the impulsive and convective
components will oscillate independently.
Wind Load
Static Wind Load
The code has given various coefficients to take into account height
and width of structure, topography, terrain category, shape and region.
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Seismic zones II, III ,IV and V are considered in the analysis.
For seismic analysis response reduction factor 2.5 and 4 are taken.
While calculating wind forces both static and dynamic wind effects
are considered.
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1.5 (DL+LL)
1.2 (DL+LL+EQ/WL)
1.5 (DL+EQ/WL)
0.9DL+1.5EQ/WL.
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Dead Load
Live Load
Load Calculation
Earthquake Load
Wind Load
Mathematical
Modeling
Analysis Load
Analysis and Design of ESR Combinations
Analysis Results
Vertical Wall
Design
Braces
Column
Footing
4 panel 50 m3 Capacity
Mathematical Model
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ESR of 50m3 capacity with staging height 15m is analyzed using calculated
forces and Designed for worst effects.
Bracing Design for Static Wind and Earthquake Forces with R =2.5 & 4
R=2.5 R=4
Mu/bd2 Ast
Mu/bd2 Ast
Soil pt% Soil ( kN/m2) pt% (mm2)
( kN/m2) (mm2)
C50 Zone II
Soft 2.19 0.69 742 Soft 2.19 0.69 738
Medium 2.16 0.68 727 Medium 2.16 0.68 727
Hard 2.14 0.67 722 Hard 2.14 0.67 722
Zone III
Soft 2.84 0.94 1008 Soft 2.19 0.69 738
Medium 2.36 0.75 813 Medium 2.16 0.68 727
Hard 2.14 0.67 723 Hard 2.14 0.67 722
Zone IV
Soft 4.21 1.46 1568 Soft 2.66 0.86 927
Medium 3.50 1.21 1303 Medium 2.21 0.69 746
Hard 2.62 0.86 923 Hard 2.14 0.67 722
Zone V
Soft 6.84 2.12 2022 Soft 3.02 0.92 1023
Medium 4.40 1.62 1806 Medium 2.84 0.75 932
Hard 3.20 0.92 1213 Hard 2.14 0.67 804
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Soil Column
type No Zone II Zone III Zone IV
R = 2.5 R =4.0 R = 2.5 R =4.0 R = 2.5 R =4.0
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Forces in Bracing
Left End Centre Right End
Description
P V2 M3 P V2 M3 P V2 M3
without Max 4 25 55 4 25 0 4 25 56
Using 100-
30-30 Rule Min 1 -25 -57 1 -25 -1 1 -25 -57
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Forces in column
Top End Bottom End
Description
P V2 V3 M2 M3 P V2 V3 M2 M3
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
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Numerical study
Seismic and Wind Load Calculation
Depth of Footing
Soft strata - 3.0m
Medium strata - 2.5m
Hard strata - 2.0m
Seismic Zone - II, III and IV.
Configuration of ESR
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Tank Full
SUMMARY Impulsive Convective SRSS Total EQX
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
Zone-II
Soft Soil 32.63 3.24 32.8 32.8
Medium Soil 27.28 2.64 27.4 27.4
Hard Soil 20.54 1.94 20.6 20.7
Zone-III
Soft Soil 52.21 5.19 52.5 52.5
Medium Soil 43.65 4.23 43.9 44.0
Hard Soil 32.87 3.11 33.0 33.0
Zone-IV
Soft Soil 78.32 7.79 78.7 78.7
Medium Soil 65.48 6.34 65.8 65.8
Hard Soil 49.30 4.66 49.5 49.6
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Tank Empty
SUMMARY EQX
(kN)
Zone-II
Soft Soil 28.8
Medium Soil 24.0
Hard Soil 17.9
Zone-III
Soft Soil 46.0
Medium Soil 38.3
Hard Soil 28.7
Zone-IV
Soft Soil 69.1
Medium Soil 57.4
Hard Soil 43.0
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On Top of each
9 13 8
Col
At intermediate
joints of each
Col 5 5 3
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Approximate Analysis of ESR
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The factor method is more accurate than either the portal method or
the cantilever method
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Approximate Analysis of ESR .Continue
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Approximate Analysis of ESR .Continue
Approx method
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Approximate Analysis of ESR .Continue
TOP BEAM
Left End Centre Right End
Analysis
Load Case Zone Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment
Method
(kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
SAP -105 -55 0 78 105 -55
DLTF ALL
Apprx met -104 -54 0 76 104 -54
SAP -30 -16 0 23 30 -16
DLTE ALL
Apprx met -29 -16 0 22 28 -16
SAP/Apprx
LL ALL 0 0 0 0 0 0
met
SAP -6 18 -6 0 -6 -18
II
Apprx met 5 17 5 0 5 -17
SAP 9 26 9 0 9 -26
III
Apprx met 8 26 8 0 8 -26
EQxTF
SAP 12 40 12 0 12 -40
IV
Apprx met 12 40 12 0 12 -40
SAP 19 61 19 0 19 -61
V
Apprx met 18 59 18 0 18 -59
SAP 4 15 4 0 4 -15
II
Apprx met 4 14 4 0 4 -14
SAP 8 24 8 0 8 -24
III
Apprx met 7 22 7 0 7 -22
EQxTE
SAP 10 33 10 0 10 -33
IV
Apprx met 10 33 10 0 10 -33
SAP 15 50 15 0 15 -50
V
Apprx met 15 50 15 0 15 -50
SAP 13 50 13 0 13 -50
WLxTF ALL
Apprx met 13 48 13 0 13 -48
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Approximate Analysis of ESR .Continue
BRACE
Left End Centre Right End
Analysis
Load Case Zone Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment
Method
(kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
SAP -6 -4 0 3 6 4
DLTF ALL
Apprx met -6 -4 0 3 6 4
SAP -6 -4 0 3 6 4
DLTE ALL
Apprx met -6 -4 0 3 6 4
SAP/Apprx
LL ALL 0 0 0 0 0 0
met
SAP 13 27 13 0 13 -27
II
Apprx met 12 25 12 0 12 -25
SAP 20 42 20 0 20 -42
III
Apprx met 19 40 19 0 19 -40
EQxTF
SAP 29 60 29 0 29 -60
IV
Apprx met 29 59 29 0 29 -59
SAP 45 92 45 0 45 -92
V
Apprx met 43 89 43 0 43 -89
SAP 11 23 11 0 11 -23
II
Apprx met 10 21 10 0 10 -21
SAP 17 34 17 0 17 -34
III
Apprx met 16 33 16 0 16 -33
EQxTE
SAP 24 50 24 0 24 -50
IV
Apprx met 24 50 24 0 24 -50
SAP 36 75 36 0 36 -75
V
Apprx met 36 75 36 0 36 -75
SAP 61 118 61 0 61 -118
WLxTF ALL
Apprx met 60 118 60 0 60 -118
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Approximate Analysis of ESR .Continue
TOP COLUMN
Top Bottom
Analysis
Load Case Zone Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment
Method
(kN) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN) (kN-m)
SAP -422 -14 36 -422 -14 -12
DLTF ALL
Apprx met -422 -13 35 -422 -13 -11
SAP -185 -3 10 -185 -3 -3
DLTE ALL
Apprx met -185 -3 10 -185 -3 -3
SAP/Apprx
LL ALL 0 0 0 0 0 0
met
SAP 9 8 -19 9 8 10
II
Apprx met 8 7 -17 8 7 9
SAP 14 12 -27 14 12 15
III
Apprx met 13 11 -26 13 11 15
EQxTF
SAP 22 18 -42 22 18 23
IV
Apprx met 20 17 -40 20 17 22
SAP 32 25 -60 32 25 35
V
Apprx met 30 25 -59 30 25 33
SAP 8 8 -15 8 8 9
II
Apprx met 7 6 -14 7 6 8
SAP 12 10 -23 12 10 14
III
Apprx met 11 9 -22 11 9 13
EQxTE
SAP 17 14 -33 17 14 19
IV
Apprx met 17 14 -33 17 14 19
SAP 25 21 -50 25 21 28
V
Apprx met 25 21 -50 25 21 28
SAP 26 20 -50 26 20 20
WLxTF ALL
Apprx met 24 18 -48 24 18 18
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Approximate Analysis of ESR .Continue
BOTTOM COLUMN
Top Bottom
Analysis
Load Case Zone Axial Shear Moment Axial Shear Moment
Method
(kN) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN) (kN-m)
SAP -422 0 0 -422 0 0
DLTF ALL
Apprx met -422 0 0 -422 0 0
SAP -185 0 0 -185 0 0
DLTE ALL
Apprx met -185 0 0 -185 0 0
SAP/Apprx
LL ALL 0 0 0 0 0 0
met
SAP 51 8 0 51 8 15
II
Apprx met 51 7 0 51 7 14
SAP 81 12 0 81 12 23
III
Apprx met 81 11 0 81 11 22
EQxTF
SAP 124 18 0 124 18 35
IV
Apprx met 122 17 0 122 17 33
SAP 184 25 0 184 25 52
V
Apprx met 183 25 0 183 25 50
SAP 44 8 0 44 8 14
II
Apprx met 43 6 0 43 6 12
SAP 70 10 0 70 10 20
III
Apprx met 69 9 0 69 9 19
EQxTE
SAP 103 14 0 103 14 28
IV
Apprx met 103 14 0 103 14 28
SAP 155 21 0 155 21 42
V
Apprx met 155 21 0 155 21 42
SAP 212 20 0 212 20 78
WLxTF ALL
Apprx met 213 39 -1 213 39 76
Determination of Governing Load Case
Determination of governing Load case .Continue
Wind force varies with height of tank, so those are applied at the
centre of each bracing level and at centre of container.
To determine the governing load case equivalent point load for wind
loading is calculated and then compared with seismic forces.
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Determination of governing Load case .Continue
Where
H = height of staging,
a = depth of Foundation
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Determination of governing Load case .Continue
Mb = Peqv(H+a)
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Determination of governing Load case .Continue
Mb = Peqv(H+a)
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Determination of governing Load case .Continue
For staging height 9m,12m and 15m. With R = 2.5 (OMRF), R=4
(SMRF) by varying capacity from 20 m3 to 100 m3.
By considering Seismic zones II, III , IV and V. And for soil type soft,
Medium, hard.
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Determination of governing Load case .Continue
KS1=
KS2=
KS3=
KS4=
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The following data has been used to calculate the governing Load case
Roof Beam Bottom Beam Columnn Brace
Capacity Hs Di Hw Fb Tw Trfs Tbs Stiffness K
B D B D Dia. Lc B D Lb
m3 m m m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm m mm mm m kN/m
9 4.00 6176
20 12 4.04 1.6 0.3 200 125 - - 200 300 400 400 4.00 300 400 3.0 4200
15 3.75 3252
9 4.00 6410
30 12 4.04 2.4 0.3 200 125 - - 200 300 400 400 4.00 300 400 3.0 4200
15 3.75 3252
9 4.00 5820
40 12 4.75 2.3 0.3 200 125 250 525 200 300 400 400 4.00 300 400 3.5 4200
15 3.75 3252
9 4.00 6684
50 12 5.45 2.2 0.3 200 125 250 525 200 300 500 450 4.00 300 400 4.0 5055
15 3.75 4095
9 4.00 6809
60 12 5.45 2.6 0.3 200 125 250 525 200 300 500 450 4.00 300 400 4.0 5055
15 3.75 4095
9 4.00 6809
70 12 5.45 3.05 0.3 200 125 250 525 225 300 500 450 4.00 300 400 4.0 5055
15 3.75 4095
9 4.00 6809
80 12 6.16 2.75 0.3 200 125 250 525 250 400 500 500 4.00 300 450 4.5 7032
15 3.75 5270
9 4.00 6844
90 12 6.16 3.05 0.3 200 125 250 525 250 400 500 500 4.00 300 450 4.5 7032
15 3.75 5270
9 4.00 6844
100 12 6.16 3.4 0.3 200 125 250 525 250 400 600 500 4.00 300 450 4.5 7032
15 3.75 5270
Determination of governing Load case .Continue
The following are the figures showing Seismic and wind loads for
capacity 20 m3 to 100 m3.
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From all these figures Strength Based governing load cases can be
decided.
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Determination of governing Load case .Continue
39 W EQ EQ EQ W W/E EQ EQ W W W/E EQ
44 W W EQ EQ W W W/E EQ W W W EQ
47 W W W/E EQ W W W EQ W W W W/E
50 W W W EQ W W W EQ W W W W
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Observations
For same percentage steel moment capacity by LSD for 0.2mm and
0.1mm crack width is more than that of WSM.
IS 3370, Part I& II, code of practise for concrete structure for the
storage liquids, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2009.
References
IS 3370, Part IV, Code of practice for concrete structures for the
storage of liquids, Part IV- Design Tables, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1987
IS 875, Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for
Buildings and Structures Part 3 Wind Loads, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1987