Medical Terminology of

Anatomical Position
dr. Azaria Amelia Adam, M.Biomed
Medical Faculty
University of Nusa Cendana
2016
 Medical
Terminology
Learning Objectives
Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions, planes, and
directional terms.
Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how it is used to reference
the body.
Distinguish between the commonly used anatomical planes and recognize
their individual views.
Apply directional terms to their location on the human body.

Objective 2: Demonstrate body movements.

Compare and contrast the various movements of the body and their
counter-movements.
Compare and contrast the various movements of the foot /ankle and their
counter-movements.
Compare and contrast the lateral movements of the wrist/hand and their
counter-movements.
Anatomical Terms Worksheet
History
During the Renaissance (Rebirth) the study of human
life and medicine began to flourish.
Scientist, Doctors and Artist would experiment and
practice on the dead and incarcerated.
Cadavers were positioned flat on their backs, thus making
it easier to draw and reference from that position.

Many artist such as

Leonardo da Vinci began to
study, draw and diagram the human body.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DEFINED
Anatomy
the study of structure and the relationships
among structures.
Subdivisions
surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic
anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy,
developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology,
and pathological anatomy
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
DEFINED

Physiology
the study of how body structures function
Subdivisions of physiology include
cell physiology, systems physiology,
pathophysiology, exercise physiology,
neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular
physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory
physiology, renal physiology, and reproductive
physiology
Regional anatomy :
Its deals with anatomy of various
structures as they lie in relationship
with one another in different region of
the body . It is valuable for surgeons.
 Surface anatomy:
invisible
It deals with the study and identification of
various structures in the living person by
methods of inspection and palpation It helps
to enhance the knowledge acquired through
dissection of the cadaver by either of line of
study, Regional or systematic. It is helpful
both in health and disease and is daily used
in medical practice.
Radiological Anatomy
It deals with the study of structure of human
body with the aid of X-Rays. It helps to
investigate the anatomical facts which
cannot be understood by any other method.
It is very useful both in health and disease
and is in current use in modern medical
practice.
Embryology
It is the study of various changes in the
developing organism from the
fertilization of ovum up to the birth of
the baby.
Cytology
It is the study of the cells by various
biological methods. The cell is
defined as the structural unit of a
multicellular organism like man.
Histology
It is the study of various tissues by various scientific
method (microscopy ; histochemistry ; radio
autography ; etc.). A tissue may be defined as a
combination of various cells performing a certain
function.
Applied / Clinical Anatomy
It is the direct application of facts of human anatomy
to medicine and surgery. The students are
advised to lay the stress on applied aspects while
they are studying gross anatomy in dissection
hall.
Systemic Anatomy
The description of several systems of organs
separately and in logical order comes under the
head of systematic anatomy. The several parts of
each system not only show a certain similarity of
structure but are also associated in specialized
functions.
Human Anatomy:
Its is defined in various ways :-
a) It is concerned with the consideration of
Various structures which make up the human
body.
b) In the restricted sense , the anatomy deals
with the parts , which from the fully developed
individual and can be demonstrated to the
naked eye by various methods of dissection.
c) Its is defined as an important
scientific discipline which is
concerned with the investigation
of biological structure by :
i) Dissection ;
ii) Microdissection ;
iii) Light microscopy ;
iv)Electron microscopy ;
v) Radiology ;
Structural Organization of Matter
1. Chemical Level
a. Atoms
(Proton, Neutron,
electrons)
b. Molecules
(Two or more atoms joined
together by either covalent
or ionic bonds)
Four biologically
important organic
molecules in the human
body
a. Proteins which are
made from 20
different Amino Acids
Structural Organization of Matter
Four Biologically-
Important Organic
molecules:
b. Complex
Carbohydrates
made from simple
sugars
c. Nucleic Acids made for
nucleotides
d. Lipids made from fatty
acids and glycerol
2. Cells
(Smallest structural and
functional units of the
human body)
Structural Organization of Matter
3. Tissues
(group of cells and the
materials surrounding
them that work together to
perform a particular
function)
4. Organs
(composed of two or more
tissues work together to
provide specific functions
and they usually have
specific shapes)
Structural Organization of Matter
5. Organ systems
(consist of one or more
organs that provide a
common function)
Examples covered in
Anatomy & Physiology:
a. Integumentary system
b. Skeletal system
c. Muscular system
d. Nervous system
Structural Organization of Matter
Anatomy & Physiology:
e. Endocrine system
f. Cardiovascular system
g. Lymphatic system
h. Respiratory system
I. Digestive system
j. Urinary system
k. Reproductive system
 Anatomical Position
The anatomical position is a
standardized method of observing or
imaging the body that allows precise
and consistent anatomical
references.
Is the standard reference point in
which all positions, movements, and
planes are described
Anatomical Position
When in the anatomical position, the
subject stands
standing upright
facing the observer, head level
eyes facing forward
feet flat on the floor
arms at the sides
palms turned forward (ventral)
thumbs are pointed away from the
body
Basic
Anatomical
Terminology
Basic
Anatomical
Terminology
Regional
Terms

are names
given to
specific
regions of
the body
for
reference.
 Body Regions
The human body is partitioned into two
main regions, called the axial and
appendicular regions.
the axial region includes the head, neck,
and trunk which comprise the main vertical
axis of our body
our limbs, or appendages, attach to the
bodys axis and make up the appendicular
region
Regional Terms
Axial head,
neck, and trunk
Appendicular
appendages or
limbs
Specific regional
terminology
Anatomical Planes
Fixed lines of reference
along which the body is
often divided or sectioned to
facilitate viewing of its
structures

imaginary flat surfaces

Allow one to obtain a three-

dimensional perspective by
studying the body from
different views
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal plane
The plane dividing the
body into right and left
portions
Midsagittal or median
are names for the plane
dividing the body into
equal right and left
halves
Anatomical Planes
Frontal plane
The plane dividing the
body into front and back
portions
Also called the Coronal
plane
Anatomical Planes
Transverse plane
The horizontal plane
dividing the body into
upper and lower
portions
Also called the
Horizontal plane
SECTIONS
Sections are flat surfaces resulting
from cuts through body structures.
They are named according to the
plane on which the cut is made and
include transverse, frontal, and
midsagittal
Example of how planes
would cut the brain
 Positions and
Directions
Terms of position and direction
describe the position of one
body part relative to another, to
reduce length of explanations
usually along one of the three
major body planes,
Directional Terms Used to Describe the
Position of one Structure to Another
Superior/Inferior
(Cephalic/Caudal)
Anterior/Posterior
(Ventral/Dorsal)
Medial/Lateral
Intermediate: Between
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
 Positions and
Directions
Superior
Refers to a structure being
closer to the head or higher
than another structure in the
body

Inferior
Refers to a structure being
closer to the feet or lower
than another structure in the
body
 Positions and
Directions
Anterior
Refers to a structure being
more in front than another
structure in the body

Posterior
Refers to a structure being
more in back than another
structure in the body
 Positions and
Directions
Medial
Refers to a structure being
closer to the midline or
median plane of the body
than another structure of the
body

Lateral
Refers to a structure being
farther away from the midline
than another structure of the
body
 Positions and
Directions
Distal
(Reference to the extremities only)
Refers to a structure being
further away from the root of
the limb than another
structure in the limb

Proximal
(Reference to the extremities only)
Refers to a structure being
closer to the root of the limb
than another structure in that
limb
Distal / Proximal Cont.
When you divide the
skeleton into Axial (Blue)
and Appendicular (Yellow)
you can better understand
the extremities and their
roots.

Proximal
Distal
 Positions and
Directions
Superficial
Refers to a structure being
closer to the surface of the
body than another structure

Deep
Refers to a structure being
closer to the core of the body
than another structure
 Positions and Directions
Prone
Lying face down
Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.

Supine
Lying face up
Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.

Unilateral
Pertaining to one side of the body

Bilateral
Pertaining to both sides of the body
Ipsilateral/Contralateral

Ipsilateralon the same side as another

structure
i.e. the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.
Contralateralon the opposite from another
structure
i.e. the left arm is contralateral to the right
arm, or the right leg.
Intermediatebetween two other
structures
i.e. the naval is intermediate to (or
intermediate between) the left arm and the
contralateral (right) leg.
 Positions and
Directions
Ventral
Towards the front or belly
You Vent out or your nose and mouth.

Dorsal
Towards the back
Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.
 Humans are bipedal, we walk on two legs,
therefore our Ventral side / Dorsal side flips at
our lower extremities.
Ventral Black Dorsal White
Ventral Black
Dorsal White
Movements
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Adduction
Abduction
Prontaion
Supination
Retraction
Protraction
Elevation
Depression
Rotation
Circumduction
External Rotation
Internal Rotation
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Radial Deviation
Ulnar Deviation
Opposition
Movements
Flexion
Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones
In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints

Extension
Straightening a joint or increasing
the angle between two bones
In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints

Hyperextension
Excessive extension of the parts at
a joint beyond anatomical position.
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
Movements
Adduction
Moving a body part towards the
midline of the body

Abduction
Moving a body part away from the
midline of the body
Movements
Pronation
Turning the arm or foot
downward
(palm or sole of the foot -
down)
Prone

Supination
Turning the arm or foot
upward
(palm or sole of the foot - up)
Supine
Movements
Retraction
Moving a part backward

Protraction
Moving a part forward

Elevation
Raising a part

Depression
Lowering a part
 Movements
Rotation
Turning on a single axis
Circumduction
Tri-planar, circular motion
at the hip or shoulder
External rotation
Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the
midline
Internal rotation
Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the
midline
 Movements
Lateral Flexion
Side-bending left or right
Movements of the Foot
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot
inward

Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot
outward

Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement bringing
the foot towards the shin

Plantarflexion
Ankle movement pointing
the foot downward
Movements of the Wrist & Thumb
Radial Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards
the radius or lateral side.

Ulnar Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards
the ulna or medial side.

Opposition
Movement of the thumb across
the palm of the hand.
Additional Range of Motion
Two
Principal
Body
Cavities and
their
Subdivisions
Methods of dividing the
Abdominopelvic cavity
To locate the site of an To describe the location of
abdominopelvic organs easily
abnormality in clinical
studies
ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
Must Have Books!!!
Atlas of Human Anatomy (Sobotta, Gray's
Anatomy, Tortora, Spalteholz)
Dorland Medical Dictionary
Thank you
ORGAN SYSTEM
Skeletal System
The axial skeleton is composed of the bones along
the central axis of the body,
the skull
the vertebral column
the thoracic cage
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of
the appendages
upper and lower limbs
the bones that hold the limbs to the trunk of the
body.

7-91
92
appendicular skeleton

93
 Axial
Classification of Bone by Organization
Skull
Vertebral column
Thorax
Sternum
ribs
Appendicular
Pectoral
Girdle
appendage
Pelvic
Girdle
appendage 6-94
Classification of Bone by Shape
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

6-95
6-96
Structure of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
proximal
distal
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal line
Articular cartilage
Medullary cavity
6-97
6-98
Appendicular Muscles
Organized into specific groups.
muscles that move the pectoral girdle
muscles that move the glenohumeral joint/arm
arm and forearm muscles that move the elbow
joint/forearm
forearm muscles that move the wrist joint, hand, and
fingers
intrinsic muscles of the hand

12-99
100
101
The Integument/ The skin
The skin that covers your body.
Skin is also known as the
cutaneous membrane.
Integumentary system consists of
the skin and its derivativesnails,
hair, sweat glands, and
sebaceous glands.
5-102
103
Acute/Chronic

Acutesymptoms appear and change/worsen rapidly

(heart attack)
Chronicdevelops and worsens over an extended
period of time (atherosclerosis)
Superficial/Intermediate/Deep
Avascular

Without blood
circulation
Ectopic

Occurring in an abnormal
position or place
 MUSCULOSKELETAL
MUSCUL/O : MY/O: OTOT
SKELET/O = OSTE/O :TULANG
ARTHR/O: SENDI
MYOLOGY : Ilmu yg mempelajari ttg otot
OSTEOLOGY : Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang tulang
ARTHROLOGY: Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang sendi
SKELETON

Skeleton Axiale
Cranium
Columna vertebralis
Sternum
Costa
Skeleton appendiculare
Extremitas superior
Extremitas inferior
SENDI
ENDOCRINE
GLANDULA THYREOIDEA: Thyroid Gland
GLD. PARATHYROID: Parathyroid Glands
GLD. HYPOPHYSE: Pituitary Gland
TESTIS : Testes
OVARIUM: Ovaries
GLANDULA ADRENALIS= Adrenal Glands
PANCREAS : Panceras
CORPUS PINEALIS= EPIPHYSE : Pineal Body
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
CARDIOVASCULAR
COR = CARDIA : HEART : jantung
ARTERI : ARTERIES : pembuluh
darah arteri
VENA : VEINS : pembuluh darah
vena
a.Coronaria dextra a.Coronaria sinistra
Circulasi Darah
Circulasi Arteri
Circulasi vena
LYMPHATIC AND HEMATIC
LIMPHONODUS : Lymphatic nodes : kelenjar limfe
DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS : Lymphatic vessles : pembuluh
limfe

LIEN : SPLEEN : LIMPA

HEM : BLOOD : DARAH
RESPIRATORY
NASAL : Nose : hidung
PHARYNX : Pharynx : tekak
LARYNX : Larynx : tenggorok
TRACHEA : TRACHEA : trachea
PULMO : LUNGS : paruparu
BRONCHUS : BRONCHIAL TUBES : bronchus
GASTROINTESTINAL
ORIS : MOUTH : mulut
CAVUM ORIS : ORAL CAVITY : rongga mulut
PHARYNX : PHARYNX : tekak
GLANDULA SALIVATORIUS : SALIVARY
GLANDS : kelenjar ludah
ESOPHAGUS : OESOPHAGUS : kerongkongan
GASTER : STOMACH : lambung
GASTRO.
INTESTINUM TENUE : SMALL INTESTINE : usus halus
COLON : INTESTINUM CRASSUM: COLON : usus besar
HEPAR : LIVER :hati
VESICA FELLEA : GALLBLADER : kandung empedu
PANCREAS : PANCREAS : pankreas
The Digestive System
130
URINARY
REN : KIDNEY : ginjal
URETER : URETER : saluran kemih
VESICA URINARIA : BLADDER : kandung kemih
URETHRA : URETHRA : saluran kemih
REPRODUCTIVE
OVARIUM: OVARIES : indung telur
UTERUS : UTERUS : rahim
TUBA FALLOPI : FALLOPIAN TUBES : tabung Fallopi
VAGINA : VAGINA : liang sanggama
GLANDULA MAMMARIA: MAMMARY GLAND :
kelenjar susu
TESTIS : TESTES : buah zakar
PROSTAT : PROSTAT
URETHRA : URETHRA
VAS DEFERENS : VAS DEFERENS
NERVUS
ENCEPHALON : BRAIN : otak
MEDULLA SPINALIS : SPINAL CORD : sumsum tulang
belakang
NERVUS :NERVES : saraf
NERVI CRANIALES: CRANIAL NERVES : saraf otak
NERVI SPINALES : SPINAL NERVES : saraf spinalis
 Pembagian
system saraf
Encephalon
SPECIAL SENSES
EYE :ORBIT: OCUL/O : OPHTHALM/O
OPHTHALMOLOGY : ilmu mata
EAR : OT/O : telinga
NOSE : RHIN/O : hidung
THROAT : LARYNX , LARYNG/O
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
E.N.T. :EAR NOSE AND THROAT
Ilmu T.H.T.
 OLFACTORY ORGAN : SMELL ORGAN

CAVUM NASI
CONCHA NASALIS
PALATUM
GUSTATORY ORGAN : TASTE ORGAN
LINGUA : lidah
PAPILLAE
LINGUALES
Rasa pahit
Rasa asin
Rasa asam
Rasa manis
INTEGUMENTARY
INTEGUMENT = DERM/O , DERMAT/O= KULIT
RAMBUT/ BULU : PILI/O
KUKU : UNGU/O
KELENJAR KERINGAT : GLANDULA APOCRINE
KELENJAR MINYAK : GLANDULA SEBACEA
NOMENCLATURE
LEKUKAN, ALUR, LUBANG
FOVEA
SULCUS
DUCTUS
INCISURA
FORAMEN
STRUKTUR TUBUH MANUSIA
A. BENTUK KOMBINASI
Abdomin/o Dors/o
Anter/o Later/o
Caud/o Medi/o
Cephal/o
My/o
Cervic/o
Neur/o
Chondr/o
Poster/o
Coccyg/o
Crani/o Proxim/o
Dist/o Super/o
Ventr/o
 B. Prefix Supra- suprapubis
Epi- epigastric Trans- transurethral
Ex- external Tri- tricuspidal
Inter- intercellular
Intra- intramuscular
Peri- pericardium
Post- postnasal
Retro- retrosternal
Semi- semicircular
Sub- subclavia