Neo Classicism-2

UNIT I THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ARCHITECTURE
Historical Overview Origins of Neo-classicism - Architects:

Boullee and Ledoux - Industrial Revolution and its Impact
Inventions: lift, - Materials and technologies: History of Steel,
Concrete and Glass Architecture and the Great Industrial
Exhibitions Building examples crystal palace, Eiffel tower,
Galleries des machines (Paris & London), Chicago fire and
Chicago school.
Industrial Revolution and its Impact
1750 in modern history, the process of change from
an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by
industry and machine manufacture.
This process began in England in the 18th century

and from there spread to other parts of the world.
The term Industrial Revolution was first popularized

by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee.
The Industrial Revolution initiated the
fragmentation of the western world after the last
unified cultural period Renaissance had come to an
end by 1750.
The development of modern Europe between

the 1780s and 1849 was an unpredictable economic
transformation that embraced the first stages of
the great Industrial Revolution.
Travel and communication have been tremendously
speeded up.
Advancement in the field of medicine makes the
people live longer and fewer children were died as
infants.
There was a revolution in the field of visual arts.
Starting with the impressionism a new dimension was
added to painting, sculpture and architecture, which
beyond the Renaissance standpoint.
Then during 1750 advancement and inventions of new
materials for construction of the buildings came into
mass production caused by the industrial revolution
may be defined as the contemporary period.
The 2 main important revolutions in that era are the

Industrial revolution and the political & the
democratic revolution.
The Industrial Revolution had a great impact on
the building industry. With the birth of mass production,
architects and builders could apply a great deal of
detailed ornamentation to housing.
There was a change in the

Human condition
Urban condition
Social condition
Economic condition
political condition
Educational condition
Religious condition
Industrial Revolution had a great impact on the field of
Architecture. Technological innovations brought about a
great deal of change in the work of an Architect. This was
the period of expansion of creativity and brought about
various Architectural Transformations.
The three major divisions of the Architectural

Transformations are as follows:
Cultural Transformations
Technical Transformations
Territorial Transformations
Cultural Transformations
The architecture of Neo-classicism seems to have emerged out of two
different but related developments which radically transformed the
relationship between man and nature.
Clean lines
Massing of simple form
Decisive detailing
Careful proportions
Skilful use of light sources
There was a sudden change and increase in mans capacity to have
control over nature, which by 17th century had begun to advance
beyond the technical frontiers of Renaissance. There was change in
the nature of human consciousness, in response to major changes
taking place in the society. It gave birth to the cultural
transformation taking place in the society.
Technical Transformations
Industrial revolution brought about in the development of machines
working on steam power which brought about the development of
railways. Rotary steam power and the iron frame came into being at
around the same time through the interdependent efforts of three
men:
James Watt
Abraham Darby
John Wilkinson
Of these three men, John Wilkinson was the iron master of his days,
whose invention of cylinder boring machine in1775 was essential to the
perfection of watts steam engine.
Territorial Transformations
The Agriculture Revolution
1. New crops from the Americas- corn and potatoes
2. New technologies- crop rotation 1730s-Charles Townsend)
3. New farm machines- seed drill, steel plows, mechanical
reapers and threshers
4. The enclosure movement- (1700s) fencing in public lands
by wealthy landowners (efficient, yet displaced small
farmers)
5. Effects- better nutrition and more food= more population
to work
Changes in textile Industry
1. domestic system of cloth production couldnt keep

up with demand
2. New inventions- flying shuttle (1733), spinning
jenny (1764), water frame- for spinning (1769), spinning
mule (1779), power loom ( 1785), cotton gin (1793)-
making Britain the cotton manufacturing center of the
world.
3. Factory system gradually replaced the domestic
system
Development of the steam Engine
1. 1698- early 1700s- steam pumps, dangerous and broke
down
2. 1760s- Watts steam engines ,better and usable for
industry
Development of the iron and Coal Industries

1. steam engines required iron and coal
2. coke (from coal) is used to replace charcoal and
procedures to make iron more pure in the 1780s and
Britain expanded production.
Conwy castle bridg e London
Conwy Suspension Bridge, was one of the first road suspension
bridges in the world
Located in the medieval town of Conwy in Conwy county borough,
North Wales.
By present scenario - it is now only passable on foot. The bridge is
now in the care of the National Trust.
Built into the rock on which Conwy Castle stands, it is very close to
the castle and very small (only about 2 meters across).
Part of the castle had to be demolished during construction in order
for the suspension cables to be anchored into the rock.
The new bridge is not the main route across the River Conwy the
crossing of the River Conwy has always been a problem.
Today they have a tunnel beneath the river.
Iron and steel skeleton construction
STEEL SKELETON CONSTRUCTION, a form of building
construction by which the loads and stresses are transmitted to
the foundation by a framework of metal or reinforced concrete,
with girders at each storey supporting the walls enclosed.
It represents one of the greatest developments in building from

the earliest days of Architecture. It proves the solution to the
problem that arose from the concentration of population in a
confined area .
The height of buildings had always been determined by

consideration of security, utility and cost, and until the advent
of the steel skeleton six or seven stories were impossible.
In the 70s the rising value of real estate set property owners
seeking for a plan of raising more revenue from their
investments, and gradually buildings rose until a height of 10 and
sometimes 12 stories.
The huge quantities of masonry called for in these lofty

buildings set property owners and builders under the necessity
of seeking out devices that would enable them to economize in
material and in the ground occupied.
Piers were made thinner and columns were put up to receive the
ends of the beams and girders and so relieve the piers of the
weight of floor.
Finally, in 1889, it was found that the thickness of the piers
could be reduced still.
Further by taking from the piers the weight of the walls and
placing the four walls on girders set between the wall columns at
every floor level. It was thus that the principle underneath
Steel Skeleton Construction was revealed.
The essential part of the building became a firmly bound

framework of steel able to support not merely the floors and
roof, but the walls, interior and external, together with every
other part of the building, and constructed on lines sufficient to
withstand every condition of wind and weather.
In the new type of building the ancient thick supporting walls are
known no more. The walls no longer carry loads; they serve
merely as a clothing or curtain to the powerful frame of steel
which carries the building upward.
Cast-iron and the steel architecture, a term used to designate

buildings that incorporate cast iron for structural and/or
decorative purposes.
After 1800 cast-iron supports were exploited as an alternative

to masonry, and with the introduction of wrought-iron beams at
mid-century, an efficient, prefabricated method of skeletal
construction was possible. Similarly for the steel structures too.
In the United States, James Bogardus pioneered the use of
cast-iron commercial facades, which combined utility with the
easy replication of attenuated classical orders in repeated bays.
Notable example was Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace(1851) -London.

DomeThe cast-iron dome of the United
States Capitol, constructed between 1855
and 1866, may well be the most famous
man-made landmark in America. It is such
a fitting finale for the building it crowns,
so familiar and dignified, that it seems
surprising that its design and construction
came late in the Capitol's architectural
evolution. Only the marble west front
terraces (1884-1892) and the east front
extension (1958-1962) are more recent
additions to the Capitol than its dome.
The Rotunda is a large, domed,

circular room located in the
center of the Capital. It has
been used for ceremonial
functions, such as the
unveiling of statues,
inaugurations, and the lying in
state of distinguished
citizens.
Its lower walls hold historic

paintings, and a frescoed band, or
"frieze," depicting significant
events in American history rings its
upper walls.
The Great Industrial Exhibition 1851
1851 - Great Industrial Exhibition, London
The Great Exhibition 1851
The exhibition was opened on 1st May 1851 by Queen

Victoria in Joseph Paxtons purpose built Crystal Palace
in Hyde Park, London.
It was the first International World Fair and it grabbed the

imagination of the whole country and beyond. During the
141 days that the Exhibition was open and exhibits
ranging from raw materials to machines, sculptures,
hardware, musical instruments, cloth, pottery, glass etc.
The Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 still exists

to manage its estate and to distribute the profits on its
investments in order to increase the means of industrial
education and extend the influence of science and art
upon productive industry.
The exhibition was opened on 1st May 1851 by Queen Victoria in Joseph
Paxtons purpose built Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London was conceived to symbolize
this industrial, military and economic superiority of Great Britain.
The Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park in London in the

specially constructed Crystal Palace, and made by cast iron and glass
as building material originally erected.
The Industrial
Revolution saw the birth
of a new consumer
culture, and new
architectural forms
developed in response.
9,90,000 square feet
(92,000 m2) of exhibition
space to display examples
of the latest technology
developed.
The Crystal Palace, the largest, most celebrated, and
remembered Victorian building of iron-and-glass construction,
was built by John Paxton to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.
In his design Paxton seized upon the strength of iron trusses

and supports to create a maximum interior area using a minimal
amount of materials.
The Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with
an interior height of 128 feet (39 m).
Paxton's design drew upon the latest technology to create a large

open building that increased square footage and capacity while
reducing material costs.
The use of prefabricated components and standardized forms

allowed for quick and cheap construction, the likes of which were
new and modern.
The largest of these threw water to a height of 250ft. Some

120,000 gallons of water flowed through the system when it was in
full play.
1853 - Great Industrial Exhibition, Dublin
Architect: Sir John Benson
The Great Industrial Exhibition in 1853 was the largest international event
to be held in Ireland. It lasted from the 12th of May to the 31st of
October, and was entirely funded by William Dargan, and was held in
Merrion Square in Dublin.
The building is described by The Illustrated Dublin Exhibition
Catalogue, which says: Presenting a front to Merrion-square of
300 feet, the main or centre feature of elevation consists of a
semicircular projection, which forms the Eastern termination of
the Central Hall.
On each side of the Centre Hall, running parallel to it for the
same length, are two halls 50 feet wide, with domed roofs, similar
to that which covers the main nave or hall of the building.
The Height from the floor to the roof of each of these halls is
65 feet. They are approached through passages from the Centre
Hall.
In addition to these three halls there are four compartments of

25 feet wide, running the whole length of the building; two are
placed between the Centre Hall and the side halls, and two on
each side of the latter; divided into sections of 25 feet square,
forming convenient divisions for the purposes of classification.
The materials of the building are iron, timber

and glass.
On May 12, 1853, when the exhibition opened, the architect,
John Benson, was granted knighthood.
The First Phase: Textiles
Early Victorian Manchester as Revolutionary City

Jacquard Loom
Mule spinner creating cotton thread
Powerloom with Shuttles
The Second Phase: Railroads and Steel
Victorian Railways: An Overview (sitemap)

The Growth of Victorian Railways
The First Locomotives
The Amalgamation of Victorian Railways; or What Followed
the Railway Mania
The Personalities of Victorian Railways
The Social Effects of Victorian Railways
The Third Phase: Electricity and Chemicals (needed)
The Fourth Phase: Digital Information Technologies,

Miniaturization
Information Technology Does Not Begin with Computers

From Print to Digital Text
Hypertext and Hypermedia
The Great Industrial Exhibition
1889
Galerie des Machines (Gallery of Machines)
The Galerie des Machines was designed for the 1889 Paris
International Exhibition by architect Ferdinand Dutert (18451906) in
collaboration with engineer Victor Contamin (18401893).
It was remarkable for its vast exhibition hall, made possible by

exploiting a new structural innovation, the three-pin hinged or portal
arch.
Although used previously in bridge construction, this was the first

application of the arch on such a large scale.
The concept of exhibiting to the world a nations resources and
achievements in art, science, and industry has its origins in ancient
times.
Following the Industrial Revolution and the consequent rise of

mechanization, expositions demonstrating industrial progress were
held regularly.
A formal entrance structure was builtthe famed Eiffel Towerand

two long galleries were dedicated to the fine and liberal arts and a
third to clothing and furniture exhibits. Beyond them and behind the
Dome Central that terminated the long axis of the showground rose
the vast and impressive Galerie des Machines.
The main symbol of the Fair was the Eiffel Tower, which was completed
in 1889, and served as the entrance arch to the Fair. The tower was
constructed of wrought iron and was designed by Gustave Eiffel.
The principal material of the buildings structure was to have
been steel, but the decision was made at the last minute to
use iron instead. There is considerable confusion about this on
the part of architectural historians, most of whom assume it
was built of steel since that is what is mentioned by
contemporary journalists before the opening of the fair.
Plan of the hall

G
a Built principally of
l iron and glass,
l the structure
e employed a
three-hinged or
r
portal arch
y
spanning a
phenomenal 375
feet (114 meters);
o
f
M
a
Construction details:
c
two methods of erecting
h the roof by the two
i construction companies,
n from Engineering, The
e Paris Exhibition, May 3,
s 1889 (Vol. XLVII)
The display hall was 1,270 feet (380 meters) long, and its colossal
proportions provided the largest unobstructed floor area of any
building in history.
The 20 prefabricated wrought-iron trusses of the main span comprised

two half-arches, hinged at their meeting point 143 feet (45 meters)
above the floor.
They curved and tapered to a slender wedge like base, where their
loads were distributed to the ground through a hinged joint.
The apparent lightness with which they touched the ground defied the
conventional, rational notion that the base was the principal load-
bearing component of any structure; here that role was seemingly
reversed.
The hinges allowed small movements between the foot of the
frames and the foundation but made the arches statically
determinate.
Thus, stresses and reactions at the supports could be calculated

beforehand and were only slightly influenced by movements of
the supports or thermally induced dimensional variations.
The iron frame of the galerie was exposed at each end in a frank
display of its construction system.
The walls were generally glazed, in part with colored glass.

Paintings, mosaic, and ceramic bricks also formed part of the
cladding.
Elevated tracks on each side of the long axis carried mobile walkways
above the exhibition space, allowing visitors to travel in carriages and
to look down on the machines.
The interior was lit by electric lights, invented only some seven years
earlier.
The galerie was more than just a place for displaying machinery; it was
in itself, as one historian has observed, an exhibiting machine. It was
enlarged for the 1900 Paris
Exposition but demolished in 1910, because it spoiled the view of the

church of Les Invalides. By then, the three-hinged arch was in wide
use.

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UNIT I THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ARCHITECTURE

Historical Overview Origins of Neo-classicism - Architects:

This process began in England in the 18th century

The term Industrial Revolution was first popularized

The development of modern Europe between

The 2 main important revolutions in that era are the

There was a change in the

The three major divisions of the Architectural

1. domestic system of cloth production couldnt keep

Development of the iron and Coal Industries

It represents one of the greatest developments in building from

The height of buildings had always been determined by

The huge quantities of masonry called for in these lofty

The essential part of the building became a firmly bound

Cast-iron and the steel architecture, a term used to designate

After 1800 cast-iron supports were exploited as an alternative

Notable example was Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace(1851) -London.

The Rotunda is a large, domed,

Its lower walls hold historic

The exhibition was opened on 1st May 1851 by Queen

It was the first International World Fair and it grabbed the

The Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 still exists

The Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park in London in the

In his design Paxton seized upon the strength of iron trusses

Paxton's design drew upon the latest technology to create a large

The use of prefabricated components and standardized forms

The largest of these threw water to a height of 250ft. Some

In addition to these three halls there are four compartments of

The materials of the building are iron, timber

The First Phase: Textiles

Early Victorian Manchester as Revolutionary City

The Second Phase: Railroads and Steel

Victorian Railways: An Overview (sitemap)

The Fourth Phase: Digital Information Technologies,

Information Technology Does Not Begin with Computers

It was remarkable for its vast exhibition hall, made possible by

Although used previously in bridge construction, this was the first

Following the Industrial Revolution and the consequent rise of

A formal entrance structure was builtthe famed Eiffel Towerand

Plan of the hall

The 20 prefabricated wrought-iron trusses of the main span comprised

Thus, stresses and reactions at the supports could be calculated

The walls were generally glazed, in part with colored glass.

Exposition but demolished in 1910, because it spoiled the view of the

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