on multiple carriers. special case of FDM technology handles multipath effects at the receiver. OFDM principle modulation and multiplexing is done in this method subcarriers are separated in such a way that they are orthogonal to each other these sub carriers are used to carry data The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each subcarrier. Orthogonality the orthogonality of the sub carriers should satisfy the following equations Sub carriers The sub carriers are expressed as Sub carriers The sum of sub carriers of OFDM signal is expressed as modulation conventional OFDM uses Discrete Fourier Transform for modulation purpose. IFFT is used at the transmission FFT is used at the receiver this process is shown in the OFDM system OFDM system OFDM advantages Efficient use of spectrum It is resistant to frequency selective fading eliminates ISI and ICI by using cyclic prefix Using adequate channel coding and interleaving one can recover symbols lost due to the frequency selectivity of the channel. Channel equalization becomes simple. OFDM advantages It is possible to use maximum likelihood decoding with reasonable complexity. OFDM is computationally efficient by using FFT techniques to implement the modulation and demodulation functions. Is less sensitive to sample timing offsets than single carrier systems are. Provides good protection against co channel interference and impulsive parasitic noise. OFDM disadvantages The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio. It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems are due to leakage of the DFT. Need for OWPDM In conventional OFDM, modulation is done using FFT and IFFT. They use rectangular window which have large side lobes. Use of CP results overhead. Fourier transform is replaced with wavelet transform which results high suppression of side lobes. It also reduces ISI and ICI without using cyclic prefix. Wavelet packet Transform The basis function is (t) = (2t-n)h(n) the orthonormality condition is h[n]h[n-2m] = [m] and (-1)n h[n] =0 Dilation equation is (t) = (2t-n)g[n] Wavelet Based OFDM transmitter Wavelet Based OFDM receiver OWPDM advantages high suppression of side lobes reduces ICI and ISI without cyclic prefix over AWGN and Rayleigh channel they offer low SNR. reduces overhead thus increasing bandwidth. better flexible