DESIGN OF SHC SYSTEMS

USING OPTIMIZED
SOLUTION
By: Omer Nadeem
g201603100
Presentation based on :
This presentation will cover the following topics

Why optimization is an intense need now?

Possible Existing Solutions
Break down the Strategy from Generalized system
Trends in Scientific Society
Brief View on all components & Tradeoffs aspect
Tables & Charts
Innovative Combinations
Summary
Lessons Learned
Audience Questions
Why it is an intense need of society now?
Reduction of CO2 emissions and GHG emissions is, in todays
world, a primary goal to be pursued, which is also the focus of the
energy policies of many countries

Tertiary and residential fields alone account for

40% of total global energy demand,
With demand for space heating increasing by 2.6% per year
that for cooling by up to 6% per year

Ever-growing installed capacity has also lead

To overload of national electric grids and
Black-outs, especially during summer
Possible Existing Solutions (Go Green)? How
can we innovate

Solar Heating Systems (SHC) can be considered as a

viable and environmentally friendly alternative, since they allow to
exploit solar energy instead of electricity from fossil fuels, for air
conditioning purposes
A huge choices available to select from to design our system
Moreover, in most of the cases, the availability of solar radiation and demand
for cooling match
Two Generalized Systems (PS1 System)
Two Generalized Systems (PS2 System)
Trends in Scientific Society

Among the technologies for solar space heating and cooling

available, single-stage and double-stage absorption chillers have
the major share in the market . They can be mainly distinguished in H2O/LiBr and NH3/H2O
systems, the former more common in residential applications since they need a lower driving
temperature (<100 C) and other common with driving heat above 100 C.

Well adsorptions have their own charms. They have lower COP but they can operate at lower
temperatures (45 C 65 C). A country with low direct beams. I cannot use Absorption type so
I have to change my choice.

More are available like desiccant wheels, hybrid vapor compressions cycles, Solat thermo
mechanical plant with steam ejectors. Electrochemical solar absoption refrigration.
What are AB & AD Type chillers

ABcH are Absorption type chillers and they use LiBr and H20 combination
which run through Condenser & Evaporators to provide the cooling
mechanism, and their diagram is given in next slides

The drawbacks. These chillers cannot work below the 75 C so not good chocie
for low temperature based countries. Also LiBr if mixed with air due to any
leakge will result in the Corrossion through the Tubings

High maintaince and backup cost required.

Chart based on Refrigerant & COP
Single Effect ABcH
Double Effect ABcH
ADch Chillers
For adsorption cooling systems, the common working pairs are water-zeolite
and water-silica gel
Almost have a similar function like the Absorption Type Chillers
Can operate at the range of (45 C 65 C).
Under typical operation conditions with a driving temperature of 80 C, the
systems achieve a coefficient of performance (COP) of about 0.6, but
operation is possible even with temperatures of approx. 60 C. The capacity
of the chillers ranges from 5.5 kW to 500 kW chilling power.
Following Types are included using a water-silica gel matrix
(i.e. high temperature adsorption chiller AdCHHT), and an adsorption
chiller (AdCH), using a solid desiccant zeolite matrix (i.e. low temperature
adsorption chiller AdCHLT)
ADch Chillers
Parameters Chart of Chillers & Cost
Sheet
The Driving Force / Thermal Power
Chillers do not work on their own a definite driving force is required. A
selection from the wide range of reflectors can be done
Thermal Collectors
Evacuated Tubes Type Collectors (ETC) 90 120 C

Parabolic Dish Collectors (PDS) Up-to 150 C

 Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC) Upto 210 C

Linear Fressenel Collectors / Dual Axis Parabolic Dish (Upto 400 C)

More Advance Reflectors Avaliable
While going through reflectors I realized that can I generate electricity along
with heating to run my pumps and other control units. So I came across
various systems. Separate simple PV requires additional cost
CPVT (Concentrating PhotoVoltaic / Thermal Collectors)- Cogenerate both
electricity & provide hot water
 PVTugl Unglazed Flat Plate Photovoltaic / Thermal Collector
PVTlge Low-e-Glass Flat Plate Photovoltaic/ Thermal Collector
PVTgl Simple Glass Flat Plate Photovoltaic / Thermal Collector
Efficiency Chart & Cost Control for PVT
Systems
Auxiliary Systems
The selected auxiliary devices, necessary to supply additional
heating and cooling energy to the proposed systems, are a natural
gas fired Auxiliary Heater (AH,) and a Water cooled electric
Chiller (WCH,) as shown in PS1 & PS2 Systems
for PS1 layouts: WCH is switched on for supplying additional
cooling. Variable cooling capacities (QEv ), compressor power (LC P)
and COPs, are considered as a function of the inlet water temperature to
WCH. Note that chilled water produced by the chillers,
AbCH/AdCH/WCH, can be directly used for building cooling or
stored in the inertial tank, TK4 (Fig. 1), bypassed during winter
operation;
For PS2 layouts: AH is switched on for supplying additional thermal
energy necessary to reach the water set point temperature for
activating the absorption/adsorption chiller
Cooling Towers / Storage Tanks
. Cooling towers are modeled by assuming the outlet water
temperatures as a function of the air and process water mass flow rates,
CT capacities, and thus fans and pumps sizes, are assessed as a function of the
thermal loads due to the AbCH and AdCH condensers and absorbers and of the
WCH condenser. Electricity consumption due to fans and pumps are
calculated

Storage tanks are employed in following forms

Hot Water Generators (for Flat Plate Collectors PV type)
N2 Pressurized Tanks (for Parabolic Plate Collectors with PV)
Thermal Storage Seamless Tanks (for continuous flow throughout the day usable
with PTC & LFC)
Examples showing improvement in loads
with Auxiliary Systems
Effect of Different Type of PVTs
Design a system for Saudi Arabian City
Dammam
Saudi Arabia has the following parameters
Hottest Summers (Temperature exceeding 50 C)
Minimal Rain and Clouds through the year
Cheap Electricity and No blackouts from Grids.
Humid Air

The requirement of Building are highest COP, High Temperature, Huge Size
(Not Desirable but Tradeoff) & Self Sustained System
 Build Up (Lets build a system)
Double Effect AB Chillers

Additional Water Cooled Chiller

PVTlge

PS1-ABcH-PVTlge
So using Equations & Charts
we can calculate the efficiencies and N2 Storage Tank
load produced.
Using cost sheet we can calculate
capital cost
& modify as per the requirements
Summary
In short we can design 24 innovative systems out of it some are listed below:
Lessons Learned!

There is no stopping to innovate from systems available

Limitations are based on from the capital cost, regions, sun diffusion
availability.
Hybrid systems can be generated with conventional systems on large scales
No separate systems of PV & TH required when a hybrid system is avaliable.
Complete isolation from Grids can be done but that comes with the trade off
of capital cost.
Eco friendly systems are the only solutions now.
Audience Questionings

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