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Erodible channels

Faculty of Engineering & Technology


INTI University College
Flow in erodible channels

Uniform flow formula, which is suitable for the design of stable nonerodible
channels, provides an insufficient condition for the design of erodible channels.

Stability of erodible channels is dependent mainly on the properties of the material


forming the channel body, rather than only on the hydraulics of the flow in the
channel.

Only after a stable section of the erodible channel is obtained, the uniform flow
formula can be used for computing the velocity of flow and discharge.

Two methods of approach to the proper design of erodible channels are:


1. Method of permissible velocity, and
2. Method of tractive force.
Method of permissible velocity

The maximum permissible velocity is the greatest mean velocity that will not cause
erosion of the channel body.
This velocity is very uncertain and can be estimated only with experience and
judgment.
In general, old channels will stand much higher velocities than the new ones,
because the old channel bed is usually better stabilized, particularly with the
deposition of colloidal matter.

The well-known table of Permissible canal velocities is shown in Table 7.3.

Maximum permissible velocities above which scour would be produced in


noncohesive materials are given in Fig. 7.3.

Permissible velocities for cohesive soils are given in Fig. 7.4.


Table 7.3: Maximum Permissible Velocities
and unit tractive force values

Table 7.3
Material Side slope
Rock Nearly vertical
Muck and peat soils :1
Stiff clay or earth with
concrete lining : 1 to 1:1
Earth with stone lining,
or earth for large channels 1:1
Firm clay or earth for small ditches 1: 1
Loose sandy earth 2:1
Sandy loam or porous clay 3:1
Maximum permissible velocities in noncohesive materials

Figure 7.3
Permissible velocities for cohesive soils

Figure 7.4
Procedure: Method of Permissible Velocity

Design procedure for a trapezoidal channel section, consists of the following steps:

1. For the given material forming the channel body, estimate the roughness
coefficient n, side slope z, and the maximum permissible velocity V.
2. Compute the hydraulic radius R by the Mannings formula.
3. Compute the water area required by the given discharge and permissible velocity,
A = Q/V.
4. Compute the wetted perimeter, P = A/R.
5. Using the expressions for A and P, solve simultaneously for b and y.
6. Add a proper freeboard, and modify the section for practicability.
Example 7.3 : Permissible velocity method
Compute the bottom width and the depth of flow of a trapezoidal channel laid on a slope of
0.0016 and carrying a design discharge of 400 cfs. The channel is to be excavated in earth
containing non-colloidal coarse gravels and pebbles.

Given: Trapezoidal channel, S =0.0016, Q =400 ft3/s , non-colloidal coarse gravels and pebbles.
For the given condition, Mannings n = 0.025, side slope Z =2, max. permissible velocity = 4.5 ft/s

1.49
Q AR 2 / 3S1/ 2 (FPS units)
n
1.49 2 / 3 1/ 2 1.49 2 / 3
V R S 4.5 R (0.0016)1/ 2 R = 2.60 ft
n 0.025
A = Q/V = 400/4.5 = 88.8 ft2
P = A/R = 88.8/2.60 = 34.2 ft
A =(b +Z y)y = (b + 2y)y = 88.8 ft2 >>> (b + 2y)y = 88.8 ft2 (1)
P = b + 2y(1 +Z2) = b + 25 y = 34.2 ft >>> b + 25 y = 34.2 ft (2)

Solving simultaneously,
b = 18.7 ft and y = 3.46 ft
Example: Permissible velocity method (SI units)

Compute the bottom width and depth of flow of a trapezoidal


channel having a side slope of 1:2 laid on a bed slope of 0.001
and carrying a design discharge of 15 m3/s. Take Mannings
coefficient, n = 0.025. Assume the maximum permissible
velocity is 1.25 m/s.
Example: Permissible velocity method (SI units)

Compute the bottom width and depth of flow of a trapezoidal channel having a side slope of
1:2 laid on a bed slope of 0.001 and carrying a design discharge of 15 m3/s. Take Mannings
coefficient, n = 0.025. Assume the maximum permissible velocity is 1.25 m/s.

Channel design using Permissible velocity method:


1 2 / 3 1/ 2 1
V R S 1.25 R 2 / 3 0.0011 / 2
n 0.025
R2/3 = 0.988 R = 0.982
A = Q/V = 12 m2
P = A/R = 12.215 m

A = 12 = (b + yz)y = (b + 2y) y (1)


P = 12.215 = b + 2y(1+z2) = b + 2y5 = b + 4.472 y (2)
b = 12.215 4.472 y (3)
Example: Permissible velocity method (SI units)

Substituting Eq. (3) into (1),


12 = (12.215 4.472 y + 2 y)y
= 12.215 y 2.472 y2
2.472 y2 12.215 y + 12 = 0
a = 2.472 b = - 12.215 c = 12

b b 2 4ac
y
2a
12.215 5.527
12.215 12.215 2 4 x2.472 x12 y
y 4.944
2 x2.472
y = 3.589 or 1.353 m
Choose y = 3.589 m
b = 12.215 4.472 y = -3.835 m Not O.K..
If, y = 1.353 m b = 6.165m O.K.
Choose b = 6.165 m and y = 1.353 m
Method of Tractive Force
When water flows in a channel, a tractive force in the direction of flow is developed which is
simply the pull of water on the wetted area.

In a uniform flow, component of the gravity force acting on the body of water, parallel to the
channel bottom is
Wsin = ALsin = ALS (bed slope S sin for a small angle)

where = unit weight of water, A = area, L = length of the channel reach, and S = bed slope.

Tractive force per unit wetted area is called unit tractive force 0
0 = ALS/PL = RS

where P = wetted perimeter and R = hydraulic radius

In a wide open channel, R = y; hence Wsin


Wcos
0 yS gyS W

Distribution of tractive force in a trapezoidal channel

0 = 0.970yS (or) 0 = 0.970gyS (at channel bed)


0 = 0.750yS (or) 0 = 0.750gyS (at side slopes)

Figure 7.6
Max. unit tractive force in terms of yS

Figure 7.7
Tractive-force ratio
On side slope:
Pulling force:
On a soil particle resting on the sloping side of a channel in which water is flowing, two forces
are acting:
Tractive force = as along the flow direction (pulling effect)
Weight component = Wssin downward on the side slope (rolling effect)

Ws sin 2 a 2 s2
2
Resultant force =
a = effective area of the particle,
s = unit tractive force on the side of the
channel,
Ws = submerged weight of the particle, and
= angle of side slope
Tractive-force ratio
On side slope:
Resisting force:
(Normal force) (coefficient of friction)
Ws cos (tan) where is the angle of repose.

When motion is impending, the resistance to motion of the particle is equal to the force
tending to cause the motion. Hence.
Ws tan 2
Ws cos tan Ws2 sin 2 a 2 s2 s cos tan 1 2
(or) a tan
Tractive-force ratio
On channel bed:
Tractive force = aL
Resisting force = Ws tan
Ws tan = aL
Ws
L tan
a
s
Tractive force ratio: K
L
s tan 2
K cos 1 2
L tan

sin 2
K 1 2
sin

where = angle of side slope (side slope angle)


= angle of repose of the material (repose angle)
Permissible unit tractive force (or)
Critical unit tractive force

Permissible tractive force (or) critical tractive force cr is the maximum


unit tractive force that will not cause serious erosion of the material
forming the channel bed on a level surface.

Permissible (or) critical tractive force


cr (lb/ft2) = 0.4 d25 (inches) for coarse noncohesive material
cr (lb/ft2) = 0.4 d50 (inches ) for fine noncohesive material

For fine noncohesive material, Fig. 7.10 can be used as reference.


For cohesive materials, the data based on conversion of permissible velocities
to unit tractive forces and given in Table 7.3 and Fig.7.11 are recommended as
design references.
Permissible unit tractive forces
for noncohesive material

Figure 7.10
Permissible unit tractive forces in cohesive materials

Figure 7.11
Example 7.4: Tractive force method
Design a trapezoidal channel laid on a slope of 0.0016 and carrying a discharge of 400 cfs. The
channel is to be excavated in earth containing noncolloidal coarse gravels and pebbles, 25% of
which is 1.25 in. or over in diameter. Mannings n = 0.025

Design steps:
(a) Proportioning of the section dimension for the max. unit tractive force on the sides.
(b) Checking the proportioned dimensions for the max. unit tractive force on the bottom.

Given: Trapezoidal channel, S =0.0016, Q = 400 ft3/s, n = 0.025, noncolloidal coarse gravels and
pebbles 1.25 inches or over in diameter.

(a) Proportioning of the section dimension for the max. unit tractive force on the sides
(i) Assume side slopes of 2:1 (or z = 2) and a base-depth ratio (b/y = 5)
Max. unit tractive force on the sloping side (Fig. 7.7)
s = 0.775yS = 0.775x62.4x0.0016y = 0.078y lb/ft2 (from theory)

Considering a very rounded material 1.25 inches in diameter


Angle of repose = 33.5 (Fig. 7.9)
Example 7.4: Tractive force method
sin 2
With = 33.5 and Z =2 (or = 26.5), tractive-force ratio K 1 2
sin
sin 2 26.5
K 1 = 0.587
sin 2 33.5

For a size of 1.25 inches, the permissible (or) critical tractive force on a level bottom is,
L = 0.4 d25 (inches) = 0.4x1.25 = 0.5 lb/ft2 (same as Fig. 7.10 straight line)
Permissible or critical tractive force on the side is,
s = KL = 0.587x0.5 = 0.294 lb/ft2

For a state of impending motion of the particle on side slopes,


s max = s permissible
0.078y = 0.294 i.e., y = 3.77 ft

Area A = (b+Zy)y = (18.5 + 2x3.77)3.77 = 99.5 ft2


Wetted perimeter P = b + 2 y(1 +Z2)= 18.85 + 2x3.775 = 35.71 ft
Hydraulic radius R = A/P = (b+Zy)y/ [b + 2 y(1 +Z2)] = 99.5/35.71 = 2.79 ft

1.49
Discharge Q 1.49 AR 2 / 3S1/ 2 (or) Q (99.5)( 2.79) 2 / 3 (0.0016)1/ 2 = 470 ft3/s
n 0.025
Example 7.4: Tractive force method

Resize the channel cross-section:


For z = 2, b/y = 4.1, section dimensions are y = 3.82 ft, b = 15.66 ft and Q = 414 ft3/s

(b) Checking the proportioned dimensions:


With Z =2, b/y = 4.1, max. unit tractive force on the channel bottom (Fig. 7.7) is,
L = 0.97yS
= 0.97x62.4x3.82x0.0016
= 0.370 lb/ft2 < 0.5 lb/ft2 (Permissible unit tractive force)
Therefore O.K.
Alternative solution: Example 7.4
Given: Trapezoidal channel, S =0.0016, Q = 400 ft3/s, n = 0.025, noncolloidal
coarse gravels and pebbles 1.25 inches or over in diameter.

Assume side slope 2:1 (Z =2)


Max. unit tractive force on the sloping side (see Fig. 7.7)
s = 0.775yS = 0.775x62.4x0.0016y = 0.078y lb/ft2
Considering a very rounded material 1.25 inches in diameter, angle of repose
= 33.5 (see Fig. 7.9)
With = 33.5 and Z =2 (or = 26.5), tractive-force ratio

sin 2 26 .5
K 1 2 = 0.587
sin 33 .5

For a size of 1.25 inches, the critical tractive force on a level bottom is,
L = 0.4 d25 (inches) = 0.4x1.25 = 0.5 lb/ft2

Critical tractive force on the side is,


s = KL = 0.587x0.5 = 0.294 lb/ft2
Alternative solution: Example 7.4
For a state of impending motion of the particle on side slopes,
s max = s critical
0.078y = 0.294 or y = 3.77 ft
1.49 2 / 3 1 / 2
Q AR S
n
A = (b+Zy)y = (b + 2x3.77)3.77 = (b + 7.54)3.77 ft2
P = b + 2 y(1 +Z2)= b + 2x3.775 = (b + 16.86) ft

1.49 (b 7.54)3.77 2 / 3
400 [( b 7.54)3.77][ ] (0.0016)1/ 2
0.025 b 16.86

[(b 7.54)3.77]5 / 3
167.785
[b 16.86]2 / 3
By trial and error, b = 15.4 ft

Choose y =3.77 ft and b = 15.4 ft


Alternative solution: Example 7.4

Check for max. unit tractive force on the channel bottom (Fig. 7.7) is,
L = 0.97yS
= 0.97x62.4x3.77x0.0016
= 0.365 lb/ft2 < 0.5 lb/ft2 (critical unit tractive force)

Therefore O.K.
Example: Tractive force method (SI units)

An unlined channel having side slopes of 1:2.5 which is to carry 12 m3/s on


a slope of 0.0016 is to be excavated in coarse alluvium formation. The
angle of internal friction of the material is 34 and the critical tractive
force on the bottom is 18 N/m2. Assume the maximum boundary shear
stress exerted on the bed, due to the water flow, is 0.98gyS, and that on
the side is 0.76gyS where S is the bed slope of the channel. Determine
the bed width and flow depth for the channel. Take Mannings coefficient,
n = 0.02.
Example: Tractive force method (SI units)

L = 18 N/m2 = 34 tan = 1/2.5 = 21.8


s sin 2
K 1 2
l sin
sin 2 21.8
s 18x 1 2
= 18 x 0.748 = 13.456 N/m2
sin 34

On side slope:
0.76 gyS = 13.456

13.456
y = 1.128 m
0.76 x10 3 x9.81x0.0016

Check for L,
Lcr = 0.98 gyS
= 0.98x103x9.81x1.128x0.0016
= 17.35 < 18 N/m2
Example: Tractive force method (SI units)

1 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q AR S
n
z = 2.5
A = (b + yz)y = (b + 2.5x1.128) 1.128
P = b + 2x1.128(1+2.52) = b + 6.074

1 [(b 2.82)1.128]5 / 3
12 ( 0.0016) 1/ 2

0.02 (b 6.074) 2 / 3
[(b 2.82)1.128]5 / 3
6
(b 6.074) 2 / 3
If b = 3.5 m R.H.S = 5.85
= 3.6 = 5.97
= 3.62 = 5.99
b = 3.62 m
The end

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