Energy Form :

Input Signal Energy Termal

Output Signal Energy Electric

Transduction Effect : Self Generating

 Energy Form :
Input Signal Energy
Mechanic
Output Signal Energy
Electric

Transduction Effect
: Modulating
 Time invariant of an ideal or theoretical
inputoutput (stimulusresponse)
relationship.

Ideal ideal materials, ideal workers,

working in an ideal environment using ideal
tools.
 Input : s stimulus (ex. Flow in ft/min)
Output : S=f(s) response (ex. Voltage in volt, or digital
counts)
 Stimulus s = d (displacement)
Response S = v (voltage)
 A curve-tting of experimentally observed
values to the calculated values of the
approximating function.

Linier Function
 Logarithmic Function

Exponential Function

Power Function
 Example, Exponential Function

Sensor Response

Inverse transfer function

 The sensitivity of the sensor is defined as
the slope of the output characteristic curve
or, more generally, the minimum input of
physical parameter that will create a
detectable output change.

For example, a typical blood pressure

transducer may have a sensitivity rating of
10 mV/V/mm Hg; that is, there will be a
10-mV output voltage for each volt of
excitation potential and each mm Hg of
applied pressure.
 is a maximum deviation of the
approximation lines from the real curve.
 Full Scale Input (FSI)
A dynamic range of
stimuli that may be
converted by a sensor
Full Scale Output (FSO)
the algebraic
difference between the
electrical output signals
measured with
maximum input
stimulus and the lowest
input stimulus applied
 : The permissive limits differ from
the ideal transfer function.
: the real function deviation from
the ideal <
Inaccuracy rating representation :
1. In term of measured value ()
2. In % of the input span (full scale)
useful for linier transfer function
3. In % of the measured signal
useful for nonlinier transfer function
4. In term of the output signal
useful for digital output, ex LSB
 For non linier
transfer function, its
useful that
inaccuracy
represented in % the
measured signal.

Ex. 3% of FS = 60 fpm it looks huge

and misleading for measuring low flow
rates.
 In modern sensors, specication of accuracy
often is replaced by a more comprehensive
value of uncertainty because uncertainty is
comprised of all distorting effects both
systematic and random and is not limited to
inaccuracy of a transfer function.
 A hysteresis error is a
deviation of the
sensors output at a
specied point of the
input signal when it
is approached from
the opposite
directions.
 Nonlinearity error is specied for sensors
whose transfer function may be
approximated by a straight line.

A non linearity is a maximum deviation (L) of

a real transfer function from the
approximation straight line.
 Every sensor has its
operating limits.
Even if it is
considered linear,
at some levels of
the input stimuli,
its output signal no
longer will be
responsive It is
said that the sensor
exhibits a
saturation.
 Repeatability
(reproducibility)
error is caused by
the in ability of a
sensor to represent
the same value
under presumably
identical
conditions.
 Dead band is insensitivity of a sensor in a
specic range of the input signals.
 Resolution describes smallest increments of
stimulus, which can be sensed.
 Under static conditions (a very slow changing
input stimulus) a sensor is fully described by
its transfer function , span, calibration, etc.

When an input stimulus varies with an

appreciable rate, a sensor cannot always
respond instantly. In other word, a sensor
may be characterized with a time-dependent
characteristic, which is called a dynamic
characteristic.