GROUP 5 & 6

Surface Defects & Edge Defects

Reconstruction
 SURFACE DEFECTS
Ravelling
Bleeding
Frost Heave
Spillage
 RAVELLING
Raveling is the on-going separation of aggregate particles in a pavement from the
surface downward or from the edges inward. It is a result of insufficient adhesion
between the asphalt cement and the aggregate. Usually, the fine aggregate wears
away first and then leaves little "pock marks" on the pavement surface. As the
erosion continues, larger and larger particles are broken free and the pavement
soon has the rough and jagged appearance typical of surface erosion.
There are many reasons why raveling occurs, but one common cause is placing
asphalt too late in the season. This is because the mixture usually lacks warm
weather traffic which reduces pavement surface voids, further densification, and
kneading of the asphalt mat. For this reason raveling is more common in the more
northern regions (Snow Belt). Some raveling in chip seals is due to improper
construction technique. This can also lead to bleeding.
FIX: Apply a thin hot-mix overlay. Other solutions could include: sand seal, chip seal,
slurry seal or micro-surfacing.

 BLEEDING
What and Why?

- A part of asphalt binder shows up on the

surface
- Similar to Frost
- Lack of air voids
 How to cure?

1.Apply coarse and sand

2.Cut off or remove excess asphalt
3.Resurfacing
 FROST HEAVE

Occurs during winter

Swelling of soil in the bottom layer

Causes pavement to swell upwards

 CURE FOR FROST HEAVE

Eliminate excess or contributing water sources

Injecting polymers into the soil

 SPILLAGE
Liquid spill on road
Causes- effect strength
- reduce friction
- lose skid resistance
- increase accident
Items - diesel
- oil
- petrol
- mud
Toxic chemical effect road surface and ground water
Treat - spill control (properly equipment and qualified personnel)
- clean up (sorbent)
- secure waste (collect sorbent, beside road, not on mid road)
 EDGE DEFECTS
Definition:
Conditions and distresses that can lead to sabotaging the pavement edge.
Two type of edge defects:
Edge Crack
Edge Drop
 EDGE CRACKS
Are cracks running along the inside the inside of the pavement surface .
Causes :
1. underlying base material has weakened or settled
2. lack of lateral support
3. poor drainage
4. from vegetation along the edge of the road.
5. heavy traffic

The treatment :
1. Improvement of drainage
2. Removal of vegetation close to the edge
3. If sever e, patches and replacement of distressed areas may be needed.
EDGE DROPS Road geometry defect
Causes : Occur when road shoulder is worn
Occur when inadequate strength of the pavement at
the edge of the roadway
Can make transition between the road
Results loss of control for the vehicle
Treatment : Remove any existing vegetation close to edge of the
pavement
Fix drainage problem
Edge patching process where material in highly
distressed area is either removed or replaced and
then add material to cover the distress area
Road shoulder provide a factor of safety for road
users who accidently leave or forced to leave the
sealed pavement area
Sealed road shoulder maintenance
Sealed road shoulder reconstruction
Slightly edge drop
Moderately edge
drop

Extensive edge
drop
 RECONSTRUCTION
Built new pavement with completely removal and replacement.
Include concrete curb, gutter, driveways, shoulder egde.
Required 2 month.

Contain 2 process
- Pavement Removal
- Pavement replacement
PAVEMENT REMOVAL
 PAVEMENT REPLACEMENT
Steps:
Pouring cement aggregate from Cement truck to subgrade to the level area which
needed to replace empty slot on the road.
After done pouring the aggregate and cement, pavement surface been compacted
with compactor to ensure strong base for new asphalt surface.
Hot mixed asphalt were applied over aggregate base layer until same level with
unmilling area to prevent unsmooth pavement surface.
Vibratory roller used to smoothen and compact the asphalt to prevent easily drop off
from that area. Its also helps to reduce chance of cracking, potholes and others
pavement damage.
Loosen material and wastage should be swiped off to prevent it remain on the
pavement and damage vehicles pass by.
After several times of compaction and pavement looks strong, its means work done.
New surface of pavement is ready for vehicles to transport through them.