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Capacitor
DC response
Discharging a Capacitor
When a capacitor with initial charge Q0 is discharged through
a resistor of resistance R (see circuit) the equation governing
discharge is
Q/C = IR
where Q is the charge on the capacitor and i is the current at
some time t. But:
Discharging a Capacitor
V= V0 e RC/RC = V0 e 1 = 0.37 V0
Q0/2 = Q0 e t1/2/RC
= e t1/2/RC
2-1 = e t1/2/RC
e + t1/2/RC = 2
loge (2) = t1/2/RC, (loge = ln)
t1/2 = loge (2) RC = 0.693 RC
Or,
On dividing through by C:
Charge versus time for a capacitor
being charged
di
L Ri 0
dt
15
di
L Ri 0
dt
A first-order ordinary differential equation with
constant coefficients.
How do we solve it?
di R
dt idt
dt L
16
di R
dt idt
dt L
di R
dt
i L
dx R
dy
i (t ) t
x
i ( t0 )
L t0
i (t ) R
ln (t t ) 0
i (t ) 0
L
i (t ) R
ln t
i (0) L
R
i (t ) i (0)e
( )t
L
17
The Complete Solution
t
R
i (t ) I e
0
L
,t 0
18
Inductor Time Constant
L
t
R
19
AC Response
Capacitor AC Response
Each cycle of the square wave input waveform produces two spikes at the output, one
positive and one negative and whose amplitude is equal to that of the input. The rate of
decay of the spikes depends upon the time constant, (RC) value of both components, (t
= R x C) and the value of the input frequency. The output pulses resemble more and
more the shape of the input signal as the frequency increases.
Band Pass Filter
Unlike a Low Pass Filter that only pass signals of a low frequency range or a High
Pass Filter which pass signals of a higher frequency range, a Band Pass Filters
only pass signals within a certain "band" or "spread" of frequencies without
distorting the input signal or introducing extra noise.
Then,
Time constant,