GENERATION OF HIGH

ALTERNATING VOLTAGES
 GENERATION OF HIGH
ALTERNATING VOLTAGES
When test voltage requirements are less
than about 300 kV, a single transformer
can be used for test purposes.
For higher voltage requirements, a single
unit construction becomes difficult and
costly due to insulation problems.
These drawbacks are overcome by series
connection or cascading of the several
identical units of transformers
Cascade transformer connection
CONTD
First transformer is at the ground potential
along with its tank.
The second transformer is kept on insulators
and maintained at a potential of V2.
The high voltage winding of the first unit is
connected to the tank of the second unit.
The low voltage winding of this unit is supplied
from the excitation winding of the first
transformer, which is in series with the high
voltage winding of the first transformer at its
high voltage end.
CONTD
The rating of the excitation winding is almost
identical to that of the primary or the low
voltage winding.
The high voltage connection from the first
transformer winding and the excitation
winding terminal are taken through a bushing
to the second transformer.
In a similar manner, the third transformer is
kept on insulators above the ground at a
potential of 2V2 and is supplied likewise from
the second transformer.
CONTD..
The number of stages in this type of
arrangement are usually two to four, but very
often, three stages are adopted to facilitate a
three-phase operation.

Supply to the units can be obtained from a

motor-generator set or through an induction
regulator for variation of the output voltage.
CONTD
The rating of the primary or the low
voltage winding is usually 230 or 400 V for
small units up to 100 kVA.

For larger outputs the rating of the low

voltage winding may be 3.3kV, 6.6 kV or 11
kV
Cascade transformer unit with
isolating transformers for excitation
CONTD..
Isolating transformers Is1 AND Is2and Is3
are 1:1 ratio transformers.
Power supply to the isolating
transformers is also fed from the same
a.c. input.
Expensive and requires more space.
Natural cooling is sufficient
Light and compact.
Transportation and assembly is easy.
CONTD..
Three phase connection in delta or star
is possible for three units.
Testing transformers of ratings up to 10
MVA in cascade connection to give high
voltages up to 2.25 MV are available for
both indoor and outdoor applications.
Large testing transformers rated for
more than 1 MVA at 1 MV are now-a-
days designed for outdoor use only.
CONTD..
Modern test transformers are built to
withstand transients during the flashover of
the test object.
Cascade transformers are very expensive
apparatus and are difficult to repair.
It is necessary to limit the high short-circuit
currents by using limiting reactors in the
input stage.
Large cascade transformers units are
supplied power through a separate motor-
generator set or by means of voltage
regulators.
 Transformers
The equivalent circuit of a high voltage
testing transformer consists of
leakage reactance of the windings
winding resistances,
magnetizing reactance,
shunt capacitance across the output
terminal
Transformer & Equivalent circuit
SERIES RESONANT TRANSFORMER
The advantages are
Output of pure sine wave,
Power requirements are less (5 to 10% of
total kVA required),
No high-power arcing and heavy current
surges occur
Cascading is also possible for very high
voltages,
Simple and compact test arrangement, and
No repeated flashovers occur in case of
partial failures
CONTD..
Testing at very high voltages
Cable testing
Dielectric loss measurements
Partial discharge measurements
PARELLEL RESONANT TRANSFORMER
CONTD
A voltage regulator of either the auto-
transformer type or the induction
regulator type is connected to the supply
mains.
The secondary winding of the exciter
transformer is connected across the H.V.
reactor, L, and the capacitive load C.
The inductance of the reactor L is varied
by varying its air gap and operating range
is set in the ratio 10 : 1.
CONTD
Capacitance C comprises of the capacitance of
the test object, capacitance of the measuring
voltage divider, capacitance of the high voltage
bushing..
The Q-factor obtained in these circuits will be
typically of the order of 50.
The high voltage reactor is connected as an
auto-transformer and the circuit is connected
as a parallel resonant circuit.
CONTD
The advantage of the parallel resonant
circuit is that more stable output voltage.
independent of the degree of tuning and
the Q-factor.
Single unit resonant test systems are built
for output voltages up to 500 kV, while
cascaded units for outputs up to 3000 kV,
50/60 Hz are available.