Asexual

Asexual reproduction
reproduction
 INTRODUCTION
• This is the rapid method of
increasing the number of new
individuals
• The new individuals are formed from
one parent and they are genetically
identical to each other and to the
parent
 5 MAJOR TYPES OF
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(A) BINARY FISSION (belahan dedua)
(B) BUDDING(pertunasan)
(C) SPORE FORMATION(pembentukan
spora)
(D) VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION(pembiakan vegetatif)
(E) REJUVENATION(penjanaan semula)
BINARY FISSION
• Binary fission is seen in bacteria,
Amoeba and Paramecium
• The unicellular organism divides into
two equal parts (daughter cells).
BINARY FISSION IN
AMOEBA
 BINARY FISSION IN
PARAMECIUM
Mature parent cell

nucleus

Nucleus
divides

2 daughter Paramecium
BUDDING YEAST
Coral Polyp Photo courtesy Jeffrey N.
Jeffords
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/co
ral/coral1.htm
• Budding is seen in yeast and Hydra
• The parent produces an outgrowth or
bud which detaches to become a new
individual
BUDDING - HYDRA

Mature cell
Young buds
SPORE FORMATION
 SPORE FORMATION
• Spore formation is seen in bacteria,
fungi, moss and ferns
• Spores are formed in spore-bearing
structures called sporangium
UNDERSIDE OF A FERN
SHOWING RIPE
SPORANGIA

Singular = sporangium
Plural=sporangia
 VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
• This type of asexual reproduction is
seen in many flowering plants
• Parts of a plant ( root, stem, leaf,
bud) detaches and grows into a new
plant
RUNNER
• Runners:
• A runner is a long shoot that grows
from the parent plant, along the
ground horizontally on the surface of
the ground.
• Producing a new plant at the tip of
the shoot. Eg: Strawberry plant.
• The runner bears roots and becomes
independent before the parent plant
dies
Bulbs:
• A bulb is a very short stem, surrounded by leaves
that have become swollen with energy reserves
(food).

• In spring, with the help of the energy reserves,

new shoots are produced.

• However once the food is used up the scales

become thin and dry.

• During summer, new energy reserves are

transported down the bud, which swell out and
form a new bulb. Eg: Daffodil plant
BULP

Onion bulb
Growing bulb - A grape
hyacinth bulb ...
 buds

internode

Scale leaf

node
Rhizhomes:
• Like a runner, it grows horizontally. However
instead of growing along the ground it grows
below it. Eg: Grass
• It stores food
• It produces lateral buds, some of which
develop into shoots
• When the old rhizome dies, the new shoots
become independent plants
Corms:
• A corm looks like a bulb, however its not!
• Instead of having the energy reserves (food) stored
in the leaves, it is stored within the stem.
• A corm has several buds, which in spring, each bud
produces a new shoot.
• A short, vertical,underground stem swollen with food
reserves
• It protected by scaly leaves
• Buds are located at the axils of these leaves
• During summer the energy reserves (food) is passed
down the stem, forming a new corm. Eg: Gladiolus
plant
 Terminal bud

shoot
Modification Stem Tuber/
Potato
Stem Tubers:
• In a stem tuber the root swells up with
starch!
• If it is not harvested within a certain
time period, then that root shall grow
into a new plant! Eg: Potato plant
• The swollen ends of underground stems
• New shoots sproud out from axillary
buds or eyes
 Tuber of potato

New tuber

Adventitious
roots
Old tuber
• This refers to the ability of some
animals to re-grow severed parts.

• Some of these animals can also grow

new organisms from the severed
pieces (Segmented Worms and Sea
Stars)
stem tuber of potato
Regeneration/rejuvenation
• Rejuvenation refers to the
replacement of parts of an organism
that are lost due to injury
• Rejubeforevenation is a form of
asexual reproduction if it results in 2
or more individuals in wgich there
was only one
There are many benefits and disadvantages
for plants that reproduce asexually.
Advantages( faedah asexual):
• Quick to reproduce (cepat membiak)
• Only needs one parent (hanya perlukan satu induk)
• Needs no sex cells (tidak perlu sel sex –sperma dan
ovum)
• All good characteristics are passed on (semua ciri
baik diturunkan dari induk kepada anak)
• Large amounts of food are stored, therefore this
allows for rapid growth ( jumlah makanan yang
banyak disimpan, maka pertumbuhan drastik)
• Offspring grow in the same favourable environment
as the parent ( anak membesar dalam persekitaran
yang sesuai dengan induk jika induk hidup selesa)
Disadvantages(keburukkan):

• Little variation in the offspring (as there is

only one parent plant) – variasi yang sedikit
pada anak kerana hanya terdapat satu sel
induk
• Grows very close to the parent plant,
therefore there is competition for resources
such as nutrients and water –membesar
dengan sel induk maka berlaku persaingan
makanan dan air
• If a parent plant has no resistance to a
particular disease, then the offspring will
have no resistance either –jika sel induk tiada
ketahanan terhadap penyakit, maka
penyeakita akan diturunkan pada anak
The end