How to diagnosed it
How
What is TBI
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a form of brain injury cau
sed by sudden damage to the brain. Depending on the source
of the trauma, TBIs can be either open or closed head inju
ries.
Open Head Injuries: Also called penetrating Injuries , thes
e injuries occur when an object (e.g., a bullet) enters th
e brain and causes damage to specific brain parts. Symptom
s vary depending on the part of the brain that is damaged.
Closed Head Injuries:These injuries result from a blow to
the head (e.g., when the head strikes the windshield or da
shboard in a car accident).
Irrespective of the cause of the trauma, TBIs result in tw
o types of damage to the brain:primary brain damage, whic
h is damage that occurs at the time of impact (e.g., skull
fracture, bleeding, blood clots), andsecondary brain dama
ge, which is damage that evolves over time after the traum
a (e.g., increased blood pressure within the skull, seizur
es, brain swelling).
TBI is diagnosed by physicians based on a
combination of patient reports, clinical to
presentation, and brain imaging studies (such as
CT scans and MRIs). A form of TBI calledmild preve
traumatic brain injury(mTBI) is typically
diagnosed only on the basis of the individual's (or nt it
caregiver's) report and clinical signs and
symptoms. Brain imaging findings are typically
normal in mTBI.
Though the medical diagnosis of TBI is made by
the physician, the specific deficits resulting from
TBI are diagnosed and managed by an
interdisciplinary team. Depending on the needs of
the individual, the team often includes speech-
language pathologists, audiologists, doctors,
nurses, neuropsychologists, occupational
therapists, physical therapists, social workers,
employers, and teachers.
How to talk to them
Some people withTBImay have trouble
Organizations
concentrating or organizing their thoughts. If Brain Inury Alliance of Arizona
you are in a public area with many 5025 E. Washington St. #108
distractions, consider moving to a quiet or Phoenix, AZ 85034
private location, and try focusing on short- www.biaaz.org
term goals.
Be prepared to repeat what you say, orally or Exec. Director: Carrie Collins-Fadell
in writing. Some people withTBImay have carrie@biaaz.org
short-term memory deficits. (602)323-9165 Infoline
If you are not sure whether the person Arizona Center for Disability Law
understands you, offer assistance completing
forms or understanding written instructions
100 N Stone Ave., Ste. 305
and provide extra time for decision-making. Tucson, AZ 85701
Wait for the individual to accept the offer of (520) 327-9547 Voice/TDD
assistance; do not "over-assist" or be Fax: (520) 884-0992
patronizing.
Hearing disability
It's frustrating to be unable to hea
r well enough to enjoy talking with
friends or family. Hearing disorders
make it hard, but not impossible, to
hear. They can often be helped. Deaf
ness can keep you from hearing sound
at all.
There are two main types of hearing
loss. One happens when your inner ea
r or auditory nerve is damaged. This
type is usually permanent. The other
kind happens when sound waves cannot
reach your inner ear. Earwax build-u
p, fluid, or a punctured eardrum can
cause it. Treatment or surgery can o
ften reverse this kind of hearing lo
ss
What cause it
Trauma
Certain medicines
Long-term exposure to loudnois
e So you will have
Aging
Heredity
Diseases such asear infections
and meningitis
How to diagnosed and How to work or stay with people who
prevent it have hearing loss :
1.Face the hearing impaired person directly
1. Physical exam 2.Do not talk from another room
2. General screening 3.Speak clearly, slowly, distinctly, but naturally, without
shouting or exaggerating mouth movements
tests 4. Say the person's name before beginning a conversation
3. Tuning fork tests 5. Avoid talking too rapidly or using sentences that are
too complex
4. Audiometer tests 6. Keep your hands away from your face while talking
How to Prevent it 7. Be aware of possible distortion of sounds for the
Minimize your exposure to loud noises hearing impaired person
that are persistent. 8. Try to minimize extraneous noise when talking.
Never listen to music through 9. Recognize that everyone, especially the hard-of-
headphones or ear buds with the hearing, has a harder time hearing and understanding
volume all the way up.
Organizations
when ill or tired in AZ
Arizona Commission for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing
Wear ear plugs or protective earmuffs Website:http://acdhh.org/
during any activity that exposes you to Arizona Working Adults Chapter
noise at or above 85 decibels. Meets on Saturday, 10 a.m. - 12 noon, every month except June.
Treatment of hearing
See your doctor about a baseline loss
Tempe Public Library
The Learning Center (lower level)
hearing
1. test, called
Removing waxanblockage
audiogram, to
3500 S Rural Rd.,
find
2. out if you procedures.
Surgical already have some early Tempe, AZ 85282
hearing
3. loss. aids.
Hearing West Valley Chapter
4. Cochlear implants Meets every second Tuesday at 1:30 p.m. from October to May
First Presbyterian Church Sun City
12225 N. 103rd Avenue
Greater self-confidence Annex #1
Closer relationships with loved onesSun City, AZ 85351
Improved outlook on life, overall
Less depression
What is gifted How many gifted children are its a challenge to work with the
Giftedness, intelligence, and there in the U.S.?
talent are fluid concepts and NAGC estimates that there are
may look different in different approximately 3 to 5 million
contexts and cultures. Even academically gifted children in grades K-
12 in the U.S. (approximately 6% - 10%
within schools you will find a of the student population). No federal
range of beliefs about the agency or organization collects these
word "gifted," which has student statistics. Although we are not
aware of national studies of the
become a term with multiple incidence of artistic talent in the
Definitionand
meanings of much
giftedness
nuance. student population, the number of
Definitions provide the fram gifted
How and talented
to work students
with themincreases,
ework for gifted education p depending on this,
In order to do the number
we haveoftocategories
be
of giftedness used in the estimate.
rograms and services, and gu observant enough to notice student
ide key decisions such as wh potential in what ever form it is
demonstrated. Teachers in general are
ich students will qualify fo aware that giftedness is not always
r services, the areas of gif found in the eager beavers of the class.
tedness to be addressed in p Identifying the student gift for what it is
rogramming (e.g., intellectu takes a teacher that is not so concerned
al giftedness generally, spe about controlling student behavior but Organization of gifted kids
rather is more concerned about
cific abilities in math), wh channeling it. National Association for Gifted Chi
en the services will be offe A simple statement of fact, "Your ideas ldren
red, and even why they will seem to flow easily from one to the https://www.nagc.org/
be offered. There is no uni next" will have a powerful effect on a NSGT - National Organizations - Nat
versally accepted definition student. Aiding a student to identify ional Society for the Gifted and ..
and recognize their academic gifts early
of giftedness.
Visual impairment (vision impair
ment, vision disability) is defi
ned as a decreased ability to se
e to a degree that causes proble
ms not fixable by usual means, s
uch as glasses or medication. Vi
sual impairment can be due to di
sease, trauma, or congenital or
degenerative conditions. In the
United States, the terms "partia
lly sighted", "low vision", "leg
ally blind" and "totally blind"
are used by schools, colleges, a
nd other educational institution
s to describe students with visu
al impairments.
How to diagnosis it
1. Tests for visual
impairment
2. Snellen test
3. Visual field test
4. Tonometry test
5. Ocular Motility
Assessment
6. Family member situation
Cause of it
Sudden loss of vision has three general
causes:
1. Clouding of normally transparent eye
structures
2. Abnormalities of the retina (the light-
sensing structure at the back of the eye)
3. Abnormalities of the nerves that carry
visual signals from the eye to the brain
(the optic nerve and the visual
pathways)
General cause of it
1.Blockage of a major artery of the
retina (central retinal artery occlusion)
2. Blockage of an artery to the optic
nerve (ischemic optic neuropathy)
3. Blockage of a major vein in the retina
(central retinal vein occlusion)
4. Blood in the jellylike vitreous humor
Early sign.
near the back of the eye (vitreous
The child closes or covers one eye
hemorrhage)
The child
5. Eye squints the eyes or frowns
injury
He or she complains that things are blurry
or difficult to see
He or she has trouble reading or doing
other close-focussed work, or holds
objects close to eyes
The child blinks more than usual or seems
frustrated when doing close-up work
(such as looking at books)
Eyes could be watery, and eyelids could
look red-rimmed, swollen or crusted with
secretions
How to work or take care of them
For parents
1. Understand that your child isreceiving small bits
of information at a time
2. Encourage curiosity and explorenew things and
places often with your child
3. Work with the early interventionists or school staff
For teacher
1. Learn as much as you can about
thestudentsspecificvisual impairment
2. Learn about the manyinstructional and classroom
accommodationsthat truly help students with visual
impairments learn
3. If you are not part of the students IEP team,ask
for a copy of his or her IEP
4. Find out ifyour state or school districthas
materials or resources available to help educators
address the learning needs of children with visual
impairments. Its amazing how many do!
Organization that you can get
help
American Council of the Blind
800.424.8666 |http://www.acb.org
American Foundation for the Blind
Find services in your state right on the home page.
800.232.5463 |http://www.afb.org
American Printing House for the Blind
800.223.1839 |http://www.aph.org/