GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING

COLLEGE DAHOD
MADE BY:-
1. SONI NIRMAL D. 140180119100
2. TANDEL ADARSH 140180119104
SUBJECT :- MACHINE DESIGN
GUIDED BY :- PROF. R.I. PATEL
 Introduction to gears
Gear can be defined as the mechanical element used
for transmitting power and rotary motion from one
shaft to another by means of progressive
engagement of projections called teeth.
Gears can be classified as follows:
1. Parallel axis gears
2. Intersecting axes gears
3. Non-intersecting and perpendicular axes gears
4. Non-intersecting and non-parallel axes gears
 According to classification, spur gear is parallel
axes gears . The teeth are cut parallel to the
axis of the gear.
Spur gears only have one tooth in contact at a
time.
It minimizes the chance of popping out of gear
It use for high torque transmission.
It also used for reverse
It uses for transmitting large power upto
18000kW .
It also uses for internal and external gears.
Spur gear terminology
 Law of gearing for spur gears
It states that, the common normal at the point of contact
between the meshing teeth, must always pass through a
fixed point, known as pitch point, on the line joining
centers of rotation.
 Force analysis of spur gears:-
In a force analysis of spur gears, irrespective of contact
ratio, it is assumed that the resultant force is effective on a
single pair of teeth in mesh.
 The resultant force f between the meeting teeth
acts as along the pressure line as shown in figure.
The resultant force f acting on the driving and
driven member are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
There are two types of forces acting on gear tooth:-
1. tangential force
2. radial force
3. resultant force
 Where ,
Ft= tangential force
Fr = radial force
= pressure angle
 Systems of gear tooth
1. 14 composite system:- it is used for general
purpose. It is stronger but has no
interchangeability.
2. 20 full depth involute system:- it may be cut by
hobs. the increase of the pressure angle from 14
to 20 results in a stronger tooth, because the
tooth acting as a beam is wider at the base.
3. The 20 stub involute system has a strong tooth to
take heavy loads.
4. The tooth profile of the 14 full depth involute
system was developed for use with gear hobs for
spur and helical gears.
 Gear materials
Desirable properties of gear material :
1. the gear material should have high endurance strength in
bending to avoid the bending failure.
2. the gear material should have high surface endurance
strength to avoid destructive pitting.
3. the gear material should have a low coefficient of friction to
avoid the scoring.
4. the gear material should have low and consistent thermal
distortion during heat treatment.
The various gear materials are listed below:
1. cast irons :- the gears of large size and complicated shape
are made of cast irons. they are least expensive. They have
good damping property, and hence damp out vibrations.
 they have good surface endurance strength . There are
three types of cast irons used for low bending strength
high strength. 1) gray cast irons
2) malleable cast irons
3) nodular cast irons
2. Steels :- there are large number of steels used for gears
ranging from plain carbon steels to highly alloyed steels
and low carbon steels to high carbon steels. They have
high bending endurance strength, but they are
expensive.
3. Non-ferrous metals :- the non ferrous metals like
copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, and manganese are used in
various combination as gear material. The most
common alloy is bronze.
4. Sintered metal :- in recent year the sintered gear made
 by powder metallurgical processes from iron and copper
powder are used as low cost gears where strength is not
a prime consideration. This gears are wear resistant and
easy to lubricate.
5. Non metals :- some of the non metals use as gear
materials are Bakelite and nylon.

BEAM STRENGTH OF SPUR GEAR TOOTH:-

Beam strength of the gear tooth is the maximum
tangential load the tooth can take without tooth
breakage.
 Wear strength for spur gear
Wear strength of the gear tooth is the maximum
tangential load the gear tooth can take without
pitting failure.
 Gear tooth failure
There are five types of gear tooth and their possible
remedies to avoid the failure, are as follows :
1). Bending failure:- every gear tooth acts as a
cantilever. If the total repetitive dynamic load acting
on the gear tooth is greater than the beam strength
of the gear tooth, then the gear tooth will fail in
bending, i.e. the gear tooth will break.
2). Pitting :- it is the surface fatigue which occurs due
to many repetition of hertz contact stresses. The
failure occurs when the surface contact stresses are
higher than the endurance limit of the material.
3) .scoring :- the excessive heat is generated when
there is an excessive surface pressure, high speed
or supply of lubricants fail. It is stick-slip
phenomenon in which alternate sharing and
welding take place rapidly at high speed.
4). Abrasive wear: -the foreign particle in the
lubricant in such dirt, dust or burr in the between
the tooth and damage form of tooth.
5). Corrosive wear :- the corrosion of tooth surfaces
mainly cause due to the presence of corrosive
arrangements such as adaptive present in the
lubricating oil.
 Reference :-
www.google.com
techmax publications
r. s. khurmi

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