Lecture 1

Basics of Electrical Theory

MOCHAMMAD ARIYANTO, ST, MT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
2014

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 Grading

Homework : 25 %
Kehadiran : 20 %
Exam : 35 %
Quis : 25 %

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 Topics

1. Basics of Electrical Theory

2. Introduction to Machinery Principles
3. Transformers
4. Introduction to Power Electronics
5. AC Machinery Fundamentals
6. Synchronous Generators
7. Synchronous Motors
8. Induction Motors
9. DC Machinery Fundamentals
10. DC Motors and Generators
11. Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors
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 Kirchhoffs Laws

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

A node is any junction in a circuit where two or
more elements meet
Currents into a node sum to zero OR
Current entering a junction is equivalent to the
current leaving a junction
 Kirchhoffs Laws

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

A loop is any path in a circuit that current can take
so that it meets back up to where it starts
Voltages around a CLOSED loop sum to zero
 Applications

Resistors in Series
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . .
Resistors in Parallel
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . .
Examples: should be able to find total current
flow in circuit, current flow through each
resistor, voltages, power dissipated, etc.
 Power Generation

Chemical Cells
Electrodes
Electrolyte
Conductor
Wet/Dry Batteries
Magnetism
AC vs DC

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 Scalar, Complex number, Vector

A scalar number is the type of mathematical object that

people are used to using in everyday life: a one-dimensional
quantity like temperature, length, weight, etc.
A complex number is a mathematical quantity representing
two dimensions of magnitude and direction.
A vector is a graphical representation of a complex number. It
looks like an arrow, with a starting point, a tip, a definite
length, and a definite direction. Sometimes the word phasor is
used in electrical applications where the angle of the vector
represents phase shift between waveforms.

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POLAR AND RECTANGULAR NOTATION

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Complex number arithmetic

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Complex arithmetic in MATLAB

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Alternator operation

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AC phase

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AC phase (Cont)

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Vectors and AC Waveforms

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Vectors and AC Waveforms (Cont)

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Voltage Vector in AC: graphics

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Voltage Vector in AC: complex

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AC resistor circuits

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AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS

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AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS example

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AC INDUCTOR CIRCUITS example (cont)

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AC CAPACITOR CIRCUITS

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 Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday (1831):
Showed that an emf is induced in a conductor if a
magnet passes by a conductor
When pole of magnet
entered coil, current
flowed in one direction
When direction of
magnet reversed,
current flowed in
opposite direction
 Electromagnetic Induction
Magnitude of induced current can be
increased by:
Increasing strength of magnetic field
Increasing speed of relative motion
Positioning of field & conductor to increase
number of magnetic lines of flux cut
Magnetic field usually produced by
electromagnet
 Electromagnet
Soft iron core wound
with coils of wire
When current present
(excitation current),
core becomes
magnetized
Field strength
determined by number
of turns and magnitude
of current:
B a NIDC
 Electromagnetic Induction

Results in:
Generator action: generator converts mechanical
to electrical energy
Motor action: motor converts electrical to
mechanical energy
 Generator Action

For emf/current (electricity):

Magnetic Field
Conductor
Relative Motion b/t the two
Voltage produced: induced emf/voltage
Current produced:
induced current
Left-hand rule for
generator action
 Motor Action

For motor action (torque/motion):

Magnetic Field
Conductor
Current flow in conductor

Torque
produced:
induced torque
Right-hand rule

for motor action

 Standard Terminology

Stator: stationary housing of the generator or

motor
Rotor: rotating shaft inside the stator
Field windings: conductors used to produce
electromagnetic field
Armature windings: conductors in which
output voltage is produced (or input is
provided)
 Basic Terminology
Direct Current (DC)
Current flow is unidirectional
and of constant magnitude
(battery)

Alternating Current (AC)

Magnitude & direction of
current flow periodically
change
Each sequence called a cycle
Frequency is cycles per second
(Hz)
 AC Generators
Most electrical power used is AC made by AC
generators
Basic principle: rotating magnetic field
cutting through a conductor
Regardless of size, all AC generators work on same
principle
Two types:
Revolving armature (NOT used)
Revolving field (Used in SSTGs, GTGS, DG)
 AC Generators
Two types:
Revolving armature
(NOT used)

Revolving field
 AC Generators
Field windings on rotor
DC current provided for field via slip rings and
brushes (vice commutator rings)
Rotor turned by prime mover creates rotating
magnetic field
Armature windings on
stator
As field rotates, AC
current produced in
armature
Since stationary contacts,
no arc-over
 AC Generators
Determining speed of AC machine:
f = P(RPM)/120 RPM = 120f/P
Must maintain constant 60Hz output use
speed governor to maintain constant RPM
(independent of loading)
Must also regulate voltage output
Since constant RPM, must control field excitation
(DC current) to control output voltage
 Three Phase (3f) AC Power

Phases: number of sets of armature windings

on stator
3f has three sets of armature windings
Voltage induced is 120o out of phase for each
Output: 3 sinusoidal voltages and currents
Allows more power to be delivered with a
smaller design generator
Three Phase (3f) AC Power
 AC Motors
Use AC current as input to produce work
Many different types depending on number of
phases of AC input & construction
Ex: induction motor
Input AC current on stator produces rotating field
Current produced in conductors on rotor produces
torque
 DC Generators
Basic Principle: rotate a
conductor within a
magnetic field to
induce an EMF
Field windings located
on stator & receive
current from outside
source
 DC Generators
Armature windings on
rotor
Commutator rings used
to mechanically reverse
the armature coil
connection to the
external circuit
EMF developed across
the brushes becomes a
DC voltage/current
(pulsating and
unidirectional)
 DC Motors
Essentially the same in
construction as DC generator
Based on principle that current
carrying conductor placed at a
right angle to a magnetic field
tends to move in a direction
perpendicular to magnetic lines
of flux
Only need to change relative
voltage to go between
generator motor
 AC vs DC power
Many different voltages required on board
ship
Easier to transform AC power for each
application
 Electrical Devices
Transformer
Device w/o moving parts that transfers energy
from one circuit to another by electromagnetic
induction
Consists of ferromagnetic core & sets of windings
Step-up: Vin Vout
Step-down: Vin Vout
Only works with AC
Transformers

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Filter

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 Electrical Devices
Rectifier
Converts AC DC
Designed to have small
resistance to current flow
in one direction & large
resistance in opposite
direction
Typically called a diode or
rectifier
Thank You

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