THE ENVIRONMENT AND

DEVELOPMENT
Economic Development
Three Core Values of Development

Sustenance: The ability to meet basic human needs

including shelter, food, health, education, safety

Self-Esteem: To be a person with a sense of self-

respect and self-worth. To live with dignity, respect,
and honor

Freedom from Servitude: To be able to choose the

path to prosperity and have the opportunity to
improve
Relationship between Health and
education
Poverty and Environmental degradation

communities may unintentionally destroy or

exhaust the resources on which they depend for
survival.
Rising pressures on environmental resources in

developing countries can have severe consequences

for self-sufficiency, income distribution, and future
growth potential.
Sustainable Development and Environmental Accounting

A pattern of development that permits future

generations to live at least as well as the current
generation, generally requiring at least
a minimum environmental protection.
Future growth and overall quality of life are
critically dependent on the quality of the
environment.
Need of Time
The preservation or loss of valuable environmental
resources should be factored into estimates of
economic growth and human well-being.
Policymakers may set a goal of no net loss of

environmental assets.
In other words, if an environmental resource is

damaged or depleted in one area, a resource of

equal or greater value should be regenerated
elsewhere.
Capital Assets
1. Manufactured capital(machines, factories, roads)
2. Human capital (knowledge, experience, skills)
3. Environmental capital (forests, soil quality,
rangeland).
Sustainable Development requires that these
overall capital assets not be decreasing and that
the correct measure of sustainable net national
income (NNI*) is achieved.
Population, Resources, and the Environment

Rapid population growth led to

land ,water and fuel wood shortages for the
people of Rural Areas.
Lack of sanitation for Urban people.
Poverty and the Environment
Developing countries must first address the issues of
landlessness, poverty, and lack of access to institutional
resources.
Insecure land tenure rights, lack of credit and inputs,
and absence of information often prevent the poor
from making resource-augmenting investments that
would help preserve the environmental assets from
which they derive their livelihood.
Preventing environmental degradation includes as a key
component the provision of institutional support to the
poor, rather than fighting an expected process of
decay.
Growth versus the Environment
Environmental Kuznets curve:
A graph reflecting the concept that pollution and
other environmental degradation first rises and then
falls with increases in income per capita. There is
evidence that this holds for some pollutants, such as
sulfur dioxide and particulate matter in the air, but
not for others, such as emissions of greenhouse gases.
Rural Development and the Environment

Food production needs to be increased by 50% in

next three decades.
Urban Development and the Environment

Growing population
Health Hazards
The Global Environment and Population

Biodiversity
Deforestation