Mitosis and

Meiosis
AP Biology
Forms of DNA
Chromatin = Loosely packed DNA and
proteins that fill the nucleus, found
throughout interphase
Chromosome = Coiled DNA and
proteins, X
Chromatid = half of a chromosome
Sister chromatids = identical copies
that make up the two sides of a
chromosome (joined together by the
centromere)
Chromosomes
Homologous
Chromosomes
Similar but NOT equal
One comes from mom and
one comes from dad
They carry the same genes
in the same order the
alleles are different
Karyotype
 Haploid cells = one set of chromosomes
(one gene for each trait)
Symbolized by N
All gametes (sex cells) are haploid
They will go through MEIOSIS
Haploid vs Diploid
Diploid cells = homologous
chromosomes (two genes for each trait)
Symbolized by 2N
All body cells are diploid
They will go through MITOSIS
Mitosis

The division of body

cells
One cell divides into
TWO IDENTICAL
daughter cells
 Interphase
G1 Phase (gap)
Cell Growth
RNA synthesis

S Phase (synthesis)
DNA synthesis and duplication

G2 Phase (gap)
Cell Growth
Protein synthesis
 Prophase
Chromatin is condensing
Nucleolus is beginning to disappear
 Prometaphase
Distinct chromosomes can be seen; each
chromosome consists of 2 identical sister
chromatids
Nuclear membrane disappears
Spindles (centrioles) travel to opposite poles
Metaphase
Chromosomes align at
the metaphase plate
Anaphase
Sister chromatids
separate into distinct
chromosomes and travel
to opposite poles
 Telophase/Cytokinesis
Reformation of the nuclei
Chromosomes uncoil

Cytokinesis = separation of the cytoplasm

Meiosis
The process of making
gametes (haploid sperm
and egg)
When gametes combine the
offspring has the correct
number of chromosomes
23 chromosomes in humans
Meiosis = 2
divisions but
the same as
mitosis
Meiosis I
Prophase I = Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad,
crossing over occurs
Metaphase I = Homologs line up alone equator
Anaphase I = Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to
opposite sides
Telophase I and Cytokinesis = Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are
formed
Meiosis II
The second division is very similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II is
not preceded by chromosomal replication
Meiosis II
Prophase II = centrioles migrate to opposite poles and the spindle
apparatus forms
Metaphase II = Chromosomes line up, the centromeres divide
separating the chromosomes into pairs of sister chromatids
Anaphase II = the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by
the spindle fibers
Telophase II and Cytokinesis= nuclear membrane forms around each
new haploid nucleus, cytoplasm is split
By the end four haploid daughter cells are formed