UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE

CHIMBORAZO
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD
CARRERA DE LABORATORIO CLNICO E HISTOPATOLGICO
UROANLISIS II

EMO
POR: KARLA OROZCO
MICROSCOPIC ELEMENT OF THE
URINE
Examination of urine
Screening
Diagnosis and management
Follow up and prognosis

Collection of urine
Routine urinalysis Fresh
First morning or random specimen
Midstream

Clean, dry & detergent free container

Timed specimen Refrigerator
Preservative

Specimen for Clean-voided/clean-catch midstream

culture Sterile container
Routine urinalysis
Physical examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination
Routine urinalysis : Physical examination
Normal Abnormal
Colour Pale yellow Hematuria .. smoky urine
Hemoglobinuria Etc.

Clarity Clear
Turbid .. Cells, Organisms, etc.

Polyuria .. >2,000 ml/day

Volume 600-1,600 ml (adult) Oliguria .. <500 ml/day
Anuria .. <100 ml/day

High .. Diabetes mellitus

Specific 1.003-1.035 gravity Low .. Diabetes insipidus
COMPOSITION OF NORMAL OF ORINE

Volume - 600-2500ml/24 hr(average- 1200ml)

Specific gravity - 1.003-1.030 Reaction - acidic(Ph 4.7-7.5)Average Ph 6.0
Total solids - 30-70g/l
Inorganic constituents of urine/24 hrs.-
Iron=0.06-0.1 mg
Chloride=9-16 gm
Sodium=3-4 gm
Phosphate=1.5-2.0 g
Sulfur=0.7-3.5 gm
Routine urinalysis : Chemical examination
Specific gravity
pH
Protein
Blood, hemoglobin & myoglobin Conventional method
vs
Bile (conjugated bilirubin) Reagent strip

Urobilinogen
Ketone
Nitrite
Leukocyte esterase
Routine urinalysis : Chemical examination
Preparation of urine sediments
CELLS

Figure Cells in urine

(1) Isomorphic red blood
cells, (2) Crenated red
cells, (3) Swollen red cells,
(4) Dysmorphic red cells,
(5) White blood cells
(pus cells), (6) Squamous
epithelial cell, (7)
Transitional epithelial
cells, (8) Renal tubular
epithelial cells, (9) Oval fat
bodies, (10) Maltese cross
pattern of oval fat bodies,
and (11) spermatozoa
Casts

Figure Urinary casts: (A)

Hyaline cast, (B) Granular cast,
(C) Waxy cast, (D) Fatty cast,
(E) Red cell cast, (F) White cell
cast, and (G) Epithelial cast
CRYSTALS
Crystals are refractile structures
with a definite geometric shape
due to orderly 3-dimensional
arrangement of its atoms and
molecules. Amorphous material
(or deposit) has no definite
shape and is commonly seen in
the form of granular aggregates
or clumps.

Figure Crystals in urine. (A) Normal

crystals: (1) Calcium oxalate, (2) Triple
phosphates, (3) Uric acid, (4) Amorphous
phosphates, (5) Amorphous urates, (6)
Ammonium urate. (B) Abnormal crystals:
(1) Cysteine, (2) Cholesterol, (3) Bilirubin,
(4) Tyrosine, (5) Sulfonamide, and (6)
Leucine