History of African American

In The United States

The Kinds of Racial Disparities and Racial Practices
Early History of African Americans in The US.
The first African were brought by the Dutch to Point Comfort, that is today's
Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia, 30 miles down from Jamestown, Virginia
in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants
and released them after a number of years. After that 1012 million
Africans were transported to the Western Hemisphere. The vast majority of
these people came from the West African coast extending from todays
Senegal to Angola. A small percentage came from Madagascar and East
Africa. Only 5% went to the American colonies. The vast majority went to
the West Indies and Brazil. And with that slavery was created and was one
of the first racial disparities that African Americans Experienced.
Racial Disparities Against African Americans Come in
Many Shapes And Forms.

Wealth

Huge racial gap in account of wealth remain in the United States between
whites and African Americans An analyst of the phenomenon, Thomas Shapiro,
professor of law and social policy at Brandeis University argues, "The wealth
gap is not just a story of merit and achievement, it's also a story of the
historical legacy of race in the United States. Differentials applied to the Social
Security Act (which excluded agricultural workers, a sector that then included
most black workers), rewards to military officers, and the educational benefits
offered returning soldiers after World War II. Pre-existing disparities in wealth
are exacerbated by tax policies that reward investment over waged income,
subsidize mortgages, and subsidize private sector developers.
 Media
In 1800s To Early 1900s Racial Practices Against Black Americans Paved
the Way For the Birth of An American Stereotype (Blackface).
Poor and working-class whites who felt pressured politically, economically, and
socially from the top, but also from the bottom, created as a way of expressing the
oppression that marked being members of the majority, but outside of the white
norm. Minstrelsy, comedic performances of blackness by whites in exaggerated
costumes and make-up, cannot be separated fully from the racial derision and
stereotyping at its core. Through distorting the features and culture of African
Americansincluding their looks, language, dance, deportment, and character.
The first shows were performed in 1830s New York by white performers with
blackened faces and tattered clothing who imitated and mimicked enslaved Africans
on Southern plantations. These performances characterized blacks as lazy, ignorant,
superstitious, hypersexual, and prone to thievery and cowardice.
Blackface performances grew particularly popular between the end of the Civil War
and the turn-of-the century in Northern and Midwestern cities, where regular
interaction with African Americans was limited. White racial animus grew following
Emancipation when antebellum stereotypes collided with actual African Americans
and their demands for full citizenship including the right to vote.
 Health Care
There are major racial differences in access to health care and in the quality of
health care provided. A study published in the American Journal of Public
Health estimated that: "over 886,000 deaths could have been prevented from
1991 to 2000 if African Americans had received the same care as whites". The
key differences they cited were lack of insurance, inadequate insurance, poor
service, and reluctance to seek care. A history of government-sponsored
experimentation, such as the notorious Tuskegee Syphilis Study has left a
legacy of African American distrust of the medical system

Justice System
Racial disparities have been noted in all levels of the U.S. justice system. According to
2009 congressional testimony from Marc Mauer; while African Americans comprise
13% of the US population and 14% of monthly drug users they are 37% of the people
arrested for drug offenses; as well as 56% of the people in state prisons for drug
offenses. The U.S. Sentencing Commission reported in March 2010 that in the federal
system black offenders receive sentences that are 10% longer than white offenders
for the same crimes. A July 2009 report by the Sentencing Project found that two-
thirds of the people in the U.S. with life sentences are non-white.
 Immigration
Access to United States citizenship was restricted by race, beginning with the
Naturalization Act of 1790 which excluded "non-whites" from citizenship.[26]
Institutionalized prejudice existed against white followers of Roman Catholicism
who immigrated from countries such as Ireland, Germany, Italy and France.
According to the U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian the purpose of
the 1924 act was "to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity.

Politics
It is argued that crime and welfare has been used to strategically influence public
political views. Racial coding is implicit; it incorporates racially primed language
or imagery to allude to racial attitudes and thinking. For example, in the context
of domestic policy, it is argued that Ronald Reagan implied linkages between
concepts like "special interests" and "big government" with ill-perceived minority
groups in the 1980s, using the conditioned negativity toward the minority groups
to discredit certain policies and programs during campaigns.
 Educational Racism
Within education, a recent survey of black students in sixteen majority white
universities found that four of five African-Americans reported some form of
racial discrimination. For example, in February 1988, the University of
Michigan enforced a new anti discrimination code following the distribution of
fliers saying blacks "don't belong in classrooms, they belong hanging from
trees". Other forms of reported discrimination were refusal to sit next to black
in lecture, ignored input in class settings, and informal segregation. While the
penalties are imposed, the psychological consequences of formal
discrimination can still manifest. Black students, for example, reported
feelings of heightened isolation and suspicion. Furthermore, studies have
shown that academic performance is stunted for black students with these
feelings as a result of their campus race interactions.
 Present Racial Recorded Practices
Even though significant gains were achieved in the succeeding decades through
middle class advancement and public employment, black poverty and lack of
education continued in the form of de-industrialization. Despite gains made after the
16th Street Baptist Church bombing, some violence against black churches has also
continued to be specific 145 fires were set to churches around the South in the
1990s, and a mass shooting in Charleston was perpetrated in 2015 at the historic
Mother Emanuel Church.

From 1981 to 1997, the United States Department of Agriculture discriminated

against tens of thousands of black American farmers, denying loans that were
provided to white farmers in similar circumstances. The discrimination was the
subject of the Pigford v. Glickman lawsuit brought by members of the National Black
Farmers Association, which resulted in two settlement agreements of $1.25 billion in
1999 and of $1.15 billion in 2009.
 Present Racial Recorded Practices Continue
During the 1980s and '90s a number of riots occurred that were related to
longstanding racial tensions between police and minority communities. The
1980 Miami riots were catalyzed by the killing of an African-American motorist
by four white Miami-Dade Police officers. They were subsequently acquitted
on charges of manslaughter and evidence tampering. likewise, the six-day
1992 Los Angeles riots erupted after the acquittal of four white LAPD officers
who had been filmed beating Rodney King, an African-American motorist. In
2014, following the Shooting of Michael Brown, the Ferguson unrest took
place.
 Table shows Younger Blacks Much More Likely to Report Being Afraid for Life or
Recent Unfair Treatment due to Race or Ethnic Background
Black Americans Black Americans Black Americans
Age (18 -34 ) Age (35-64 ) Age ( 65 +)

Their life was in 53% 44% 24%

danger
Denied a housing 17% 22% 12%
they could afford
Denied a job they 22% 31% 23%
were qualified for
Prevented from 3% 4% 4%
voting or had their
ballad challenges
Any types of 29% 41% 24%
discrimination
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