By:-

Name: Akshat Jain

Class: Xth – B
Roll No.: 41
 Topic Page No.
Acknowledgment 3
What is Trigonometry??? 4
Examples 5
Classic Trigonometry 6
Trigonometric Ratios 7-13
Pythagorean Identities 14-15
History of Trigonometry 16-17
Applications of Trigonometry 18
Calculating Trigonometric 19
2
Functions
 In the course of present work it has been our
privilege to receive help and assistance from
many quarters. I take great pleasure. In
acknowledging here, my debt to them. This
endeavor has been possible with the kind and
generous direction and encouragement given
by Mr. Adhikari . I would like to show our
gratitude to him. With the help of internet it
has become easier to me to collect data and
with the support of my parents I have been
able to make this project successfully.

3
  It is an important branch of mathematics .

 It is derived from to Greek words

 TRIGONON meaning triangle & METRON

meaning measurement.

 Thus the word trigonometry means the

science which deals with relationships
between the sides and angles of triangles and
with trigonometric functions, which describe
those relationships, angles in general, and the
motion of waves.
4
 For example, the triangle contains an angle
A, and the ratio of the side opposite to A
and the side opposite to the right angle
(the hypotenuse) is called the sine of A, or
sin A; the other trigonometry functions are
defined similarly.

5
 Until about the 16th century, trigonometry was
chiefly concerned with computing the
numerical values of the missing parts of a
triangle (or any shape that can be dissected
into triangles) when the values of other parts
were given. For example, if the lengths of two
sides of a triangle and the measure of the
enclosed angle are known, the third side and
the two remaining angles can be calculated.
Such calculations distinguish trigonometry
from geometry, which mainly investigates
qualitative relations.
6
 Some ratios of different sides of
triangle are called T-ratios or
trigonometric ratios.
E.g. Sin , Cos , Tan , Cosec , Sec , Cot.

7
 Sine of an angle θ
• The ratio of perpendicular/hypotenuse is
called the Sine of an angle θ.
• In short we can write it as A
Sinθ=AB/AC

Ө
B C
8
 Cosine of an angle θ
• The ratio of base/hypotenuse is called Cosine
of angle θ.
• In short we can write it as
A
Cos θ=BC/AC.

Ө
B C
9
 Tangent of an angle θ
• The ratio of perpendicular/base is called
Tangent of angle θ.
• In short we can write it as
A
Tan θ=AB/BC.

Ө
B C
10
 Cosecant of an angle θ
• The ratio of hypotenuse/perpendicular is
called the Cosecant of an angle θ.
• In short we can write it as
A
Cosec θ=AC/AB

Ө
B C
11
 Secant of an angle θ
• The ratio of hypotenuse/base is called Secant
of angle θ.
• In short we can write it as A
Secθ=BC/AC.

Ө
B C
12
 Cotangent of an angle θ
• The ratio of base/perpendicular is called
Cotangent of angle θ.
• In short we can write it as A
Cot θ=BC/AB.

Ө
B C
13
  sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
i. Cos2 θ =1- sin2 θ
ii. sin2 θ =1-Cos2 θ

 tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
i. tan2 θ = sec2 θ-1
ii. sec2 θ- tan2 θ =1

 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
i. Cot2 θ = cosec2 θ -1
ii. Cosec2 θ - Cot2 θ =1

14
For certain special right triangles the values of the
functions may be calculated easily.

15
  The first trigonometric table was apparently compiled by
Hipparchus, who is now consequently known as "the father of
trigonometry.”
 Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics lacked the
concept of an angle measure, but they studied the ratios of the
sides of similar triangles and discovered some properties of
these ratios. The ancient Greeks transformed trigonometry into
an ordered science.
 Ancient Greek mathematicians such as Euclid and Archimedes
studied the properties of the chord of an angle and proved
theorems that are equivalent to modern trigonometric formulae,
although they presented them geometrically rather than
algebraically.
 Claudius Ptolemy expanded upon Hipparchus ' Chords in a
Circle in his Almagest.
16
  The modern sine function was first defined in the Surya
Siddhanta, and its properties were further documented by the
5th century Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhatta.
 These Greek and Indian works were translated and expanded
by medieval Islamic mathematicians.
 By the 10th century, Islamic mathematicians were using all six
trigonometric functions, had tabulated their values, and were
applying them to problems in spherical geometry .
 At about the same time, Chinese mathematicians developed
trigonometry independently, although it was not a major field of
study for them.
 Knowledge of trigonometric functions and methods reached
Europe via Latin translations of the works of Persian and Arabic
astronomers such as Al Battani and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.
 One of the earliest works on trigonometry by a European
mathematician is De Triangulis by the 15th century German
mathematician Regiomontanus. Trigonometry was still so little
known in 16th century Europe that Nicolaus Copernicus devoted
two chapters of De revolutionibus orbium celestial to explaining
its basic concepts.
17
  There are an enormous number of uses of trigonometry and
trigonometric functions. For instance, the technique
of triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the distance to
nearby stars, in geography to measure distances between
landmarks, and in satellite navigation systems. The sine and
cosine functions are fundamental to the theory of periodic
functions such as those that describe sound and light waves.
 Fields that use trigonometry or trigonometric functions
include astronomy and navigation , music theory,
acoustics, optics, analysis of financial
markets, electronics, probability theory,
statistics, chemistry, number theory, seismology,
meteorology, oceanography, many physical sciences ,
land surveying and geodesy, architecture,
phonetics, economics, electrical engineering, mechanical
engineering, civil engineering, computer
18 graphics, cartography, crystallography and game development.
  Trigonometric functions were among the earliest uses
for mathematical tables. Such tables were incorporated into
mathematics textbooks and students were taught to look up
values and how to interpolate between the values listed to get
higher accuracy. Slide rules had special scales for trigonometric
functions.
 Today scientific calculators have buttons for calculating the main
trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan) and their inverses. Most
allow a choice of angle measurement methods: degrees, radians.
Most computer programming languages provide function libraries
that include the trigonometric functions. The floating point
unit hardware incorporated into the microprocessor chips used in
most personal computers have built-in instructions for calculating
trigonometric functions.
19
20