Bab I

PENDAHULUAN METABOLISME

Sumi Hudiyono PWS

Sri Handayani
Departemen Kimia FMIPA-UI

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

1.1. TERMINOLOGI DALAM METABOLISME

Biokimia adalah ilmu yang mempelajari molekul dan

reaksi kimia (metabolisme) yang terdapat pada
organisme hidup.
Metabolisme adalah reaksi kimia yang terjadi pada
organisme hidup.
Metabolism is a network of chemical reactions which
are almost always mediated by enzymes
Metabolism is an emergent property of life that
arises from interactions between molecules within
the orderly environment of the cell.
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 A linked set of reactions within the network is a
metabolic pathway or cycle.
The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic
pathways.
Metabolic pathways begin with a specific molecule,
which is then altered in a series of defined steps to
form a specific product.
A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the
pathway.
Metabolic pathways can be Catabolic (break stuff
down - degradation) or Anabolic (build stuff up -
synthesis)

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

 Katabolisme
Katabolisme adalah reaksi pemecahan molekul besar
menjadi bagian lebih sederhana.
Catabolic pathways start from a range of molecules
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids), converging on a
relatively small number of intermediates.
Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down
complex molecules to simpler compounds.
A major pathway of catabolism is cellular
respiration, in which the sugar glucose is broken
down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide
and water.
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
Gambar 1.1.
Contoh Reaksi
Katabolisme S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 Anabolisme

Anabolisme adalah proses biosintesis molekul

besar dari molekul kecil.
Anabolic pathways start from a small number of
molecules (i.e. pyruvate, Acetyl CoA, citrate) and
make a huge variety of products
Anabolic pathways consume energy to build
complicated molecules from simpler compounds.
They are also called biosynthetic pathways.
The synthesis of protein CHOLESTEROL from
Acetil-CoA is an example of anabolism.

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

Gambar 1.2. Anabolisme Kolesterol dari Asetil-CoA

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

 Metabolit
Metabolit adalah senyawa hasil metabolisme
Metabolit Primer : metabolit yang ditemukan
disemua organisme. Contoh : Protein, Karbohidrat,
Asam Nukleat, Lipid
Metabolit Sekunder : metabolit yang hanya
ditemukan pada organisme tertentu. Contoh :
Penisilin, Kina, dll.
Intermediet Metabolit adalah senyawa antara proses
metabolisme. Contoh : Skualen adalah hasil antara
metabolit Kolesterol, banyak ditemukan di minyak
ikan (paus).
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 Gambar 1.3.
Strutur universal dari
sel hidup. Semua sel
mempunyai nucleus
atau nucleoid,
membran plasma dan
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
sitosol.
Gambar
1.4. Skema
Ilustrasirai
2 tipe sel
eukariot (a)
hewan dan
(b) tanaman S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
Fungsi Bagian Sel Eukaryot dalam Metabolisme

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

Figure 1.5. General
overview of the
major conserved
pathways of
intermediary
metabolism in C.
elegans. The
numbers next to
each pathway
represent
the number of
orthologs that were
detected in the C.
elegans genome
(based on McElwee
et al., 2006).
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 1.2. PENGELOMPOKAN ORGANISME
berdasarkan Cara Memperoleh ENERGI &
MATERI dari LINGKUNGAN

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

Gambar 1.7.
Pengleompok
an sel berda
sarkan cara
mengambil
makanan. S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 1.3. Overview of Energy Metabolism
large nutrients digested into smaller, usable fuels
carbohydrates glucose
fats (triglycerides) fatty acids
proteins amino acids
blood delivers fuels to muscle which transforms
them into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
ATP is the universal currency used by tissues for
energy needs
food + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O + heat

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Gambar 1.8. Perubahan ATP menjadi energi

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 Gambar 1.9.
Perubahan energi
dari nutrisi ke
berbagai bentuk
energi.
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 Gambar 1.10.
Perubahan energi
ATP dalam proses
metabolisme.
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
Gambar 1.11.

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

Gambar 1.12.
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 Energy Systems: Fuels

Carbohydrates
primary form is glucose
transported to muscle (and other tissues)
via blood
stored in liver and muscle as glycogen
ATP produced more quickly from CHO than
from fats or proteins
CHO stores can be depleted
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 Energy Systems: Fuels

Fats (triglycerides)
stored in adipose tissue and in muscle
muscle uses fatty acids for fuel
produce ATP more slowly than CHO
during rest, provides > the ATP, but little
during intense exercise
fat stores not depletable

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

 Energy Systems: Fuels

Proteins
split into amino acids in gut, absorbed, and
transported by blood
1 role is providing building blocks for
metabolic functions and tissue building
provides 5-15% of fuel for ATP production

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"

 1.3. HUBUNGAN ENERGI antara JALUR
KATABOLIK dan ANABOLIK.
The energy released by catabolic pathways
can be stored and then used to drive anabolic
pathways.
Energy is fundamental to all metabolic
processes, and therefore an understanding of
energy is key to understanding how the living
cell works.
Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms
manage their energy resources.
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
Gambar 1.13.
Hubungan
Antara Jalur
Katabolisme
dan Anabolisme.
S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"
 Gambar 1.14.

S. Hudiyono "Pendahuluan Metabolisme"