CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 3

ASSIGNMENT
TITLE: Steel Framing System- Cold Formed Structure + Composite Floor Slab
Group Members: Lim Hao Zheng 0327115
Lau Wan Yee 0328947
Juan Collie 0329004
Karen Lim Shi Chee 0329431
 Lightweight steel framing
INTRODUCTION
Can manufacture in U
system many shapes such as
Made from strip of quality C,Z,U and Hat
sheet steel by roll forming Variety of thickness
machine

Z C
HAT
COLD FORMED
STEEL
STRUCTURE

Framing materials used in where vertical and

wall, floor ,roof trusses, horizontal structural
interior partition wall and elements formed by a
curtain walls for mid rise system of framing
buildings members
 Consist of steel decking Sufficient strength of
and in-situ reinforced concrete combine with
concrete deckings tensile strength
to form composite floor
slab Slab thickness 100mm-
250mm for shallow
decking, 280-320mm for
deep decking
Composite floor
slab

Commonly used for

industrial, residential and
consist of a temporary commercial building for
propped precast plank, fast erection time
acts as permanent The decking acts as a
formwork with the in- Another composite permanent formwork,
situ structural topping.
floor slab is lattice produce shear bond
girder composite with concrete
floor
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF COLD
FORMED STEEL
 MANUFACTURE PROCESS COLD FORMED
STEEL

1. Produce raw steel by combine iron ore with small amount of carbon in a
basic oxygen furnace. (Fe2O3+3CO=2Fe+3CO2)

2.The molten steel is then poured into slabs and reduced into thinner strips of
steel, called hot band.
3. In steel finishing process, the hot band will reduced into cold formed steel. A
protective zinc coating will be added through galvanization process. Final product called
Coil.

4.To convert coils into cold-formed steel framing members, they are first slit into widths
that match the intended dimensions of the final product.
 5.The slit coils of cold-formed steel are formed into C-sections and other shapes usually by
roll forming the steel through a series of dies. Penetrations for plumbing and electrical runs
are also punched at pre-determined locations, helping reduce installation times. No heat is
required to form the shapes (unlike hot-rolled steel), and thus the name cold-formed steel

Either used to build wall and floor panels, and roof trusses, or delivered to the job site in bundles.
 COMPOSITE FLOOR SLAB WITH STEEL
FRAMING SYSTEM

Primary beam
Secondary
Beam

Consist of steel deck with insitu concrete poured over it.

Supported by primary and secondary beams and the deck placed in 90
degrees to the Secondary beams.
These two beams are connected to the floor slabs by shear studs
 INSTALLATION PROCESS OF COMPOSITE
FLOOR SLAB

1. Erection of the primary and secondary beams

2. Steel deck is placed onto beams in direction transverse(90 degrees) to the

secondary beam
3. Then, the decking and beams are connected by welded shear studs for rigidity.

4. Reinforcement is placed on top of the steel deck to prevent cracking after concreting
5. After reinforcement is placed, concrete is poured and left to cure.
HOW THEY CONNECT THE METAL DECK
WITH BEAM
1. Torch Welding
Typically use the oxyacethylene torch
To melt the working material and the welding rod
Less common over the years
2. Arc Welding(Weld the shear stud)
Use an electrical arc
To melt the filler material(welding rod) for welding joints
Attaching grounding wire to the base metal deck
Electrode lead is placed on the stud to be welded

Once lead pulled away, the arc will

be generated
As rod melts, must continuously feed
The metal solidifies and the
the filler into the metal deck
weld is completed.
 HOW THEY CONNECT THE
METAL DECK WITH BEAM

3. Powder Actuated Tools

Most commonly and recommended to be use
Used to attach the metal deck to the steel beams
Use expanding gases from powder load to drive the
fastener
Nail like fastener
must be matched to the thickness of the structural
steel beam flanges
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
COLD FORMED STEEL FRAMING STRUCTURE
 ADVANTAGES OF COLD
FORMED STEEL
FRAMING STRUCTURE
1. INCREASED DURABILITY = LOWER LIFE CYCLE COSTS
RESILIENT, ADAPTABLE AND DURABLE
DOES NOT DECAY OR AGE AS QUICKLY AS OTHER CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
2. FAST AND EASY ERECTION AND INSTALLATION
COMPONENTS CAN BE FABRICATED WITH HIGH ACCURACY IN A PLANT
AND THEN ASSEMBLED ON JOB SITES
3. ECONOMY IN TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLING
LIGHTWEIGHT ARE EASY TO HANDLE AND TRANSPORT.
THEY CAN BE NESTED AND BUNDLED
4. DIMENSIONALLY STABLE MATERIAL
DOES NOT EXPAND OR CONTRACT WITH CHANGES IN MOISTURE
CONTENT
WARP, CRACK, CHIP AND SPLIT OF WOOD, NAIL HEAD POPPING WITH
WOOD-FRAMED STRUCTURES CAN BE VIRTUALLY ELIMINATED
 DISADVANTAGES OF
COLD FORMED STEEL
FRAMING STRUCTURE
1. SHAPE AND FORMATION
HARD TO MAKE CHANGES AFTER THE
PROCESS BECAUSE DURING PROCESS IT
BECOMES LESS MALLEABLE AND DUCTILE.
CANNOT HOLD UP TO A WORKLOAD
2. UNABLE TO USE THESE SECTION WHEN
HEAVY LOADS ARE RUNNING
3. LOW FIRE RESISTANCE
4. VERY SENSITIVE TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL
BUCKLING DUE TO SLENDER SECTION
WALLS
SOLUTION
USING PRACTICAL METHODS TO DECREASE
SENSITIVITY
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS FOCUS ON
REDUCING SLENDERNESS BY DISPOSING
SECONDARY MEMBERS INTO COLD FORMED
STRUCTURE
 ADVANTAGES
OF COMPOSITE
FLOOR SLAB
1. VERSALITY
CAN BE ADAPTED TO MULTIPLE SOLUTION

2. RESISTANCE/WEIGHT RATIO
GREATER RESISTANCE AND LESS WEIGHT
3. QUICK INSTALLATION

DUE TO ABSENCE OF PROPS

4. COST REDUCTION
REDUCE OF LABOUR AND PRICES,LIGHTER
STRUCTURE AD LESS WASTE.
 DISADVANTAGE OF COMPOSITE
FLOOR SLAB
1. CRACKS
DUE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES,CONCRETE DRYING SHRINKAGE
AND RESTRAINT.
USE WIRE MESH OR STEEL FIBER CONCRETE TO CONTROL CRACKS
2. BRITTLE
COMPOSITE IS MORE BRITTLE THAN WROUGHT METAL AND MORE
DAMAGE.
USE REINFORCEMENT MESH IN CONCRETE
3. MIGHT CAUSE OVERLOADING
CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN DURING CONCRETING
4. INCREASE FIELD COST
ADDITIONAL SUBCONTRACTOR IS NEEDED
CASE STUDY
 PROJECT : Use Senior apartments Convent Hill
Size : 10 stories, 120 units
Total construction cost : $9.9 million
Start Date : June 2006
Completion date : January 2008
Recognition : 2008 Milwaukee Mayors Urban Design
Award
PEOPLE:

Case study I Developer: Housing Authority of the City of Milwaukee

Architect: Zimmerman Architectural Studios
General Contractor: Gilbane Building Company
Structural Engineers: Norris & Associates, Matsen Ford Design
Associates
Cold-Formed Framing Contractor: Worthington Building Systems
STEEL: Pre-fabricated cold-formed steel studs, joists and rim track 43-68
mils (interior), 43-68 mils (exterior), 97 mils joists at longer span
Overview

Located in Convent Hill, cost 9.9mil USD

10 stories height of building with green roof
Green Roof
Requires strong foundation
Mostly use structural steel
In this project uses light gauge steel because of
lightweight and economical
 How cold formed steel able
to support green roof?

Using cold formed steel as primary load combine

with structural steel beams to support load
bearing wall.
From second floor upward, using cold formed
steel framing structure.
Cold formed steel joists
Shorten construction time and labour cost
Web holes facilitate HVAC, plumbing and
sprinklers
With the bracing elements,it increase the stiffness
and strength to support green roof
Composite floor slab
Uses 0.6 C steel deck topped
with Levelrock gypsum concrete.
Steel to steel stud connection to
hold firmly
0.6 C deck
Suitable for this case study
Uses galvanized steel with
protective coating
Eliminates rots and corrosion
With concrete stiffness and steel
durability, it is always the good
choice
Why use cold formed
steel as framing
structure?

1. Building suitability
Wood framing waste a lot of time
Structural steel is suitable for high rise building
project
Cold formed steel is lightweight, accurate and
reduce cost
2. Less maintenance
Wood framing not suitable for green roof
Cold formed steel has protective layer on it
 PROJECT : Collegetown Terrace Building 7
Location : 120 Valentine Place Ithaca, NY 14850
Size : 12 acre site 6 storeys of building with 247
units and 344 bedrooms
Design : Largest structure on site with sweeping
radius moves in and out more than 600
feet
Total construction cost : $40 million
Start Date : Nov 2015
Completion date : April 2017
Case Study II Recognition : 2017 CFSEI DESIGN EXCELLENCE AWARD
WINNER
Owner: Novarr Mackesey Development
Architect of Record: Ikon.5 Architects
Engineer of Record for Structural Work: Robert Sillman Associates
Cold-Formed Steel Specialty Engineer: Greg Wilkum, Excel Engineering,
Inc.
Cold-Formed Steel Specialty Contractor: Norm Aidun, John C. Lowery,
Inc.
OVERVIEW

6 STORIES HIGH WITH A LEVEL OF

PARKING GARAGE
LOWER LEVEL USING PRECAST
PLANK AND ANOTHER 5 STORIES
USE COLD FORMED STEEL
FLOORING: COMPOSITE FLOOR
SLAB WITH METAL DECK
COMPOSE OF GYPCRETE.
THE WALL OF THE COLD FORMED
STRUCTURE USING X-BRACES
EXTERIOR WALL CONSTRUCTED
WITH FIBRE CEMENT SIDING,
GLASS, STONE, CEMENT BOARD
STUCCO AND FORMED METAL
SHINGLES
 WHY USE COLD
FORMED STEEL?
1. PREVENTS CRACKS ON EXTERIOR
WALL
DOESNT CHANGE SHAPES AND SIZE
2. DOESNT AFFECT IN COLD WEATHER
CONDITION
CONCRETE FRAMING MAY OCCUR
PROBLEMS IN WINTER
SAME AS BRICKLAYING MUST BE KEPT
FROM FREEZING
CFS IS MOST SUITABLE TO BE USE IN THIS
PROJECT
THANK YOU!!!