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Sound
(Vibration)
THREE BASIC LISTENING MODES
1. Listener is preoccupied.
2. More interested in what he has to say that
he listens mainly to find an opening to get
the floor.
3. He is formulating and listening to his own
rebuttal than to what the speaker is saying.
4. He is listening to his own personal beliefs
about what is being said.
5. He is evaluating and making judgment
about the speaker or the message.
6. He is not asking for clarification when he
knows that he does not understand.
LISTENING TIPS
Usually, it is important to paraphrase and
use your own words in verbalizing your
understanding of the message.
Depending on the purpose of interaction
and your understanding of what is relevant,
you could reflect on the other persons:
a. account of the facts
b. thoughts and beliefs
c. feelings and emotions
d. wants, needs or motivation
e. hopes and expectations
LISTENING TIPS
Dont respond to just the meaning of the words;
look for feelings or intent beyond the words.
Inhibit from immediately answering questions.
Know when to quit using active listening.
If you are confused and know that you do not
understand , ask the speaker to say it another
way.
When the speaker is emotionally disturbed, use
active listening as a response to him.
Use eye contact and listening body language.
Be emphatic and not judgmental.
Become a more effective listener.
PART 3
L ANGUAGE
Instrument of communication
Oral or written
Verbal and Non-verbal
Oral Communication
Spoken language
Production of sound representation of language
Voice is the primary tool
VOICE
Motor
THE SPEECH MECHANISM
Vibrator
THE SPEECH MECHANISM
Resonators
THE SPEECH MECHANISM
Articulators
CLASSIFICATION OF PARTS OF SPEECH
MECHANISM
Motor
Respiratory muscles which are responsible for the regulation,
expulsion and control of air
Vibrator
Vocal bands or cords to produce sound waves through
vibration of the air
Resonators
Nose, mouth, and throat. Modulate sound waves
Articulators
Lips, teeth, tongue, upper gums, lower jaw, hard palate, and
ovula. Give definite shape and character of sounds as air
passes through the mouth or nose.
BREATHING AND FLEXIBILITY
Fricatives
[f] [v] [] [] [s] [z] [] [] [x] [] [h]
In the production of some continuants,
the airflow is so severely obstructed that
it causes friction, and the sounds are
therefore called fricatives.
FRICATIVES
Fricatives Examples Production
labiodental [f], [v] the friction is created at
the lips and teeth,
fricatives where a narrow passage
permits the air to
escape
interdental [], [] the friction occurs at the
opening between the
fricatives tongue and teeth
alveolar [s], [z] the friction created at
the alveolar ridge
fricatives
FRICATIVES
Fricatives Examples Production
palatal fricatives [], [] friction created as the
air passes between the
mission [mn] tongue and the part of
measure [mr] the palate behind the
alveolar ridge
In English, the voiced palatal fricative never begins words except for foreign words
such as genre.
The voiceless palatal fricative begins the words shoe [u] and sure [ur] and ends the
words rush [r] and push [p].
[t] [d]
These sounds are produced by a stop
closure followed immediately by a gradual
release of the closure that produces an
effect characteristic of a fricative.
The palatal sounds that begin and end the
words church and judge are voiceless and
voiced affricates, respectively.
Affricates are not continuants because of
the initial stop closure.
GLIDES
[j] [w]
The sounds [ j] and [w], the initial sounds
of you [ ju] and we [wi], are produced
with little obstruction of the airstream.
They are always followed directly by a
vowel and do not occur at the end of
words.
After articulating [ j] or [w], the tongue
glides quickly into place for pronouncing
the next vowel, hence the term glide.
VOWELS
Vowels are produced with little
restriction of the airflow from the lungs
out the mouth and/or the nose.
Vowel sounds carry pitch and loudness.
We classify vowels according to three
questions:
1. How high or low in the mouth is the
tongue?
2. How forward or backward in the mouth is
the tongue?
3. Are the lips rounded (pursed) or spread?
TONGUE POSITION
TONGUE POSITION
Types of Vowels Examples Production
high front [i] the tongue is high in
the mouth and the front
vowels he [hi] part is raised
high back vowel [u] the tongue is high in
the mouth and back
who [hu] part of the tongue is
raised
low back vowel [a] the back of the tongue
is low in the mouth
hah [ha]
[] and [] slightly lowered tongue
positions
hit [ht], heat [hit]
put [pt], hoot
[hut]
TONGUE POSITION
Types of Vowels Examples Production
low front vowel [] produced with the front
part of the tongue low
hack [hk] in the mouth, similar to
the low vowel [a], but
with the front rather
than the back part of
the tongue lowered
front mid vowels [e] and [] raising the front of the
tongue to a position
bait [bet] midway between the
bet [bt] high and low vowels
back mid [o] and [] raising back of the
tongue to a position
vowels boat [bot] midway between the
bore [br] high and low vowels
TONGUE POSITION
Types of Vowels Examples Production
lower mid [] the tongue is not strictly
high nor low, front nor
central vowel butt [bt] back
schwa vowel [] articulated with the
tongue in a more or less
about [bat] neutral position
sofa [sof] between the extremes
of high/low, front/back
3. Three-Syllable words
For three syllable words, look at the word
ending (the suffix), using the following as your
guide.
8. Prefixes
Usually, prefixes do not take the stress of a
word. There are a few exceptions to this rule,
however, like: un, in, pre, ex and mis, which are
all stressed in their prefix.
Examples: ex: e-XAM-ple, ex-pla-NAtion, e-XAM-ine
in: IN-side, IN-efficient, IN-terest
mis: MIS-spoke, MI-stake, MIS-spelled
pre: PRE-cede, PRE-ar-range, PRE-li-min-ary
RULES ON WORD STRESS
15. Numbers
If the number is a multiple of ten, the stress is
placed on the first syllable.
Examples: TEN
FIF-ty
ONE-hundred
INTONATION
INTONATION
is required at any
professions
Professional enhances chance of
securing employment
and advancing in career
Magnification
It means giving benefit to the audience,
amplifying emotion, and exceeding
expectations.
Identification
It involves creating familiarity and closeness.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Speech of Introduction
Toast and Roast
Speech to Present an Award
Acceptance Speech
Keynote Address
Commencement Speech
Commemorative Speeches and Tributes
After-Dinner Speech
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Speech of Introduction
A speech of introduction is a brief presentation
used to introduce the main speaker of an event
and to inspire the audience to listen to that
speaker.
The introductory speech usually has three
components:
1. provide a brief backdrop or background of
the main speaker
2. introduce the speakers topic
3. an invitation from the audience to warmly
welcome the speaker
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Toast
A toast is a brief tribute
to a person or event.
Roast
A roast is a variation of
the toast in which the
speaker pays tribute to
a person by poking fun
at her or him in a
friendly way.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Presentational Speech
Also called a speech to
present an award, the
presentational speech serves
to highlight the merits of the
award recipient and to point
out the purpose and
significance of the award
being given.
Acceptance Speech
Also called the speech to
accept an award, the
acceptance speech gives the
recipient an opportunity to
express appreciation for the
award as well as humility and
grace.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Keynote Address
The keynote address
represents the keynote
of a larger idea taking
place at a conference
or exposition usually
organized around a
central theme.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Commencement
Speech
The commencement
speech is given by a
well-known person
of local, national, or
international acclaim
to mark a university
or secondary school
graduation
ceremony.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Cool presenter
Hot presenter
Dull presenter
SPEAKING COMPETENCIES
Useful Topic
Engaging Introduction
Clear Organization
Well-Supported Ideas
Closure in Conclusion
Clear and Vivid Language
Suitable Vocal Expression
Corresponding Nonverbals
Adapted to the Audience
Adept Use of Visual Aids
Convincing Persuasion
DELIVERING YOUR PRESENTATION
Memorized Speaking
Guidelines
1. Do not deliver your memorized speech
too rapidly
2. Avoid patterns of vocal inflection that
make the presentation sound recited
3. Use gestures and movement to add
interest and emphasis to your message
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
Impromptu Speaking
off the cuff
Guidelines
1. Consider your audience
2. Be brief
3. Organize
4. Draw upon your personal experience and
knowledge
5. Use gestures and movement that arise
naturally from what you are saying
6. Be aware of the potential impact of your
communication
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
Extemporaneous Speaking
Method of delivery preferred by most
audiences
Guidelines
1. Use a full-content preparation outline
when you begin to rehearse your
presentation
2. Prepare an abbreviated delivery outline
and speaking notes
3. Do not try to memorize your message
word for word
4. As you deliver your presentation, adapt it
to your audience
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
Make up of Audience
Superiors
Peers
Team members
Special interest groups
Mixed groups
TIME TO OUTLINE
Gather materials
Examples
Statistics
Testimony
PREPARING THE OUTLINE
I. Introduction
II. Body
A. Main point
B. Main point
1. Sub-point
2. Sub-point
a. Sub sub-point
b. Sub sub-point
III. Conclusion
BUILDING THE BODY
Begin developing your speech by working
on the middle first, or the body.
The body covers everything you want to
say during your speech.
The body should have three to five main
points for a 20 minute to half hour
presentation.
And if you want your audience to
remember those points, the most effective
approach is point development.
Once your speech is over, the audience is
going to remember main points only.
MAKING AN EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION
Get the attention of the audience.
You can get attention and interest by relating the
topic to the audience. People pay attention to
things that affect them directly.
Arouse Curiosity.
Give an arresting synopsis of what you will explore.
Or you may question your audience. This draws
the audience in immediately.
PREPARING THE CONCLUSION
Two Purposes
1. Let the audience know you are ending
2. Reinforce central idea
EFFECTIVE VERBAL DELIVERY
Drama
Omission (strip a phrase or sentence of
nonessential words that the audience
expects)
Do you believe that he can cope ?
Inversion (invert the usual subject-verb-
object sentence pattern)
Him the crowd adores.
Suspension (saving a key word or
phrase for the end of a sentence)
They tried, they fought, they did their best.
CRAFTING MEMORABLE
WORD STRUCTURES
Cadence
Parallelism (two or more clauses have the
same grammatical pattern)
Antithesis (the two structures contrast)
From rags to riches, from beans to beef, from water to
wine.
Repetition (repeat key word or phrase)
The game was lost. The game was finished before it
began. The game was a farce of sportsmanship.
Alliteration (repetition of an initial
consonant sound several times in a phrase,
clause, or sentence)
They have bribed us with promise,
blackmailed us with threats, and bled us with
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY
Eye contact
Physical delivery
Gestures
Movement
Posture
Facial expression
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY
Vocal Delivery
Volume
Pitch
Rate
Articulation
Appearance
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY
RECAP Characteristics of Nonverbal Delivery
Gestures should be relaxed, definite, varied, and appropriate.
Movement should be purposeful
Posture should feel natural and be appropriate to your topic,
audience, and occasion
Eye Contact should be established before you say anything and
sustained throughout your presentation
Facial Expression should be alert, friendly, and appropriate
Volume should be loud enough to be heard and varied
Pitch should be varied to sustain audience interest
Rate should be neither too fast or too slow
Articulation should be clear and distinct
Appearance should conform to what the audience expects
FINAL TIPS FOR DELIVERING YOUR
PRESENTATION
Finish your full-content outline several
days before you must deliver the
presentation
Practice, Practice, Practice
Practice good delivery skills while
rehearsing
If possible, practice your presentation for
someone else
Tape record or videotape your
presentation
FINAL TIPS FOR DELIVERING YOUR
PRESENTATION
Re-create the speaking situation in your
final rehearsals
Get plenty of rest the night before you
speak
Arrive early
After you have delivered your
presentation, seek feedback from
members of your audience.