Beams and One-Way Slabs

Beams and One-way
Slabs
Portland Cement Association

Distance Learning Module 1
1
Introduction
2
Learning Objectives
Analyze reinforced Design reinforced
concrete beams and concrete beams and
one-way slabs one-way slabs
Approximate Flexure
methods
Serviceability
Nonprestressed Shear
reinforcement Torsion
3
Outline
Analysis Methods
Design Requirements
Design Examples
Software Solutions
Quiz
4
Design Standard
Building Code
Requirements for
Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-05) and
Commentary
(ACI 318R-05)
5
Analysis Methods
6
Analysis Methods
Chapter 8 Analysis and Design
General Considerations
Section 8.2 Loading
Service loads shall be in accordance with the
general building code
Wind, seismic, etc.
7
ASCE 7
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures
8
Section 8.3 Methods of
Analysis
All members shall be designed for the
maximum effects of factored loads as
determined by the theory of elastic
analysis
Assumptions specified in Sections 8.6
through 8.9
9
Section 8.6 Stiffness
Any set of reasonable assumptions is
permitted for computing relative flexural
and torsional stiffnesses
10
Braced frames
Use gross EcI values for all members
Use half of gross EcI of the beam stem for
beams and gross EcI for columns
11
Sway frames
Guidance for the choice of EcI is given in
Section R10.11.1
12
Tables 2-7 and 2-8 in PCA Simplified
Design Reinforced Concrete Buildings
of Moderate Size and Height
Simple determination of flexural stiffness
Resource Link
13
Torsional Stiffness
Equilibrium torsion
Compatibility torsion
14
Section 8.7 Span Length
Analysis of frames or continuous
construction for determination of moments
Span length = center-to-center of supports
15
Section 8.7 Span Length
For beams built integrally with supports, it
is permitted to design the beams based
on the moments at the faces of the
supports
Resource Link
16
Section 8.8 Columns
Designed to resist factored axial forces
and bending moments
Covered in Module 3, Column Design
17
Section 8.9 Arrangement of
Live Load
18
Live Load
Live Load
2nd
19
Live Load
Fixed (typ.)
2nd
20
Live Load
Critical set of design forces
Based on effects of live load
Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on two adjacent spans
Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on alternate spans
21
Loading pattern for
D+L D D+L negative moment at
support A and positive
A B C D
moment in span AB
Loading pattern for

D+L D negative moment at
A B C D support B
Loading pattern for

D D+L D positive moment in
A B C D span BC
22
Section 8.3 Methods of
Analysis
Approximate method of analysis is
permitted
Not permitted for prestressed concrete
23
Section 8.3.3 Approximate
Method
Uniformly distributed load (L/D 3)
Prismatic
1.2n n members
Two or more spans
24
Section 8.3.3 Approximate
Method
wu
Integral with Simple

support support
n n n
Positive
1/14 1/16 1/11 Moment
x w 2
u n
Spandrel
support 1/24 1/10* 1/11 1/11 1/10* 0 Negative
Moment
Column
support
1/16 *1/9 (2 spans) x wun2
Shear
1/2 1.15/2 1/2 1/2 1.15/2 1/2
x w
u n
25
Design Requirements
26
Design Requirements
Flexure
Serviceability
Shear
Torsion
27
Strength Requirements
Design Strength Required Strength
Design Strength = Strength Reduction
Factor (f) Nominal Strength
Required Strength = Load Factor Service
Load Effects
28
Section 9.3 Strength Reduction Factor (f)
Understrength of a member
Inaccuracies in the design equations
Degree of ductility and required reliability of the
loaded member
Importance of the member in the structure
29
30
Nominal Strength
Strength of a member or cross-section
calculated using assumptions and strength
equations of the Strength Design Method
31
Load Factor
Overload factor due to probable variation
of service loads
Section 9.2 Load combinations
32
Section 9.2 Load
Combinations
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W
U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E
U = 0.9D + 1.6W
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
33
Flexural Requirements
34
Nominal Flexural Strength
h
As
bw
35
Section 10.2 Design Assumptions
Static equilibrium
Compatibility of strains
36
Design Assumptions
c
Neutral axis
h
As
bw Strain
37
Design Assumptions
0.003
c
Neutral axis
h
As
bw Strain
38
Design Assumptions
fs = fy
fs = Eses
39
Design Assumptions
Tensile strength of concrete in flexural
calculations = 0
40
Design Assumptions
eu
Relationship
between
concrete
compressive
stress
distribution and
concrete strain
Rectangular es
41
Design Assumptions
eu
Relationship
between
concrete
compressive
stress
distribution and
concrete strain
Trapezoidal es
42
Design Assumptions
eu
Relationship
between
concrete
compressive
stress
distribution and
concrete strain
Parabolic es
43
Design Assumptions
Relationship between concrete
compressive stress distribution and
concrete strain
Any other shape that results in conformance
to tests
44
Design Assumptions
0.003 0.85fc
a = b 1c c
Equivalent compression
zone
a
Neutral axis
h
As
es
bw Strain
45
Design Assumptions
Constant b1
0.85 for concrete with fc 4000 psi
1.05 0.00005fc 0.65 for concrete with
fc > 4000 psi
46
Design Assumptions
47
Force and moment equilibrium
Strain compatibility
48
0.003 0.85fc
C
c a = b 1c
h
As
T
es > ey
bw
49
C=T
C = 0.85fc b a
T = As fy
0.85fc b a = As fy
As fy
or, a =
0.85fc b
50
0.003 0.85fc
a/2
c a = b1c
C
d a
h d
As 2
es > ey
T
bw
51
a a
Mn = (C or T) (d ) = As fy (d )
2 2
0.5As fy
Mn = As fy (d )
0.85fc b
Resource Link
52
Tension, Balanced, and
Compression Failures
Bending Moment
Compression failure
Balanced failure
Tension failure
Curvature
53
Balanced Strain Condition
0.003 0.85fc
Cb
ab = b 1 cb
cb
dt ab
h dt
Asb 2
es = ey = fy/Es T
bw
54
Balanced Strain Condition
0.003
cb cb 0.003
=
dt 0.003 + ey
dt
= 0.6 for fy = 60 ksi
es = ey = fy/Es
55
Compression-Controlled
Sections
et compression-controlled strain limit
when eu = 0.003
Compression-controlled strain limit =
net tensile strain in reinforcement at
balanced strain condition
0.002 for Grade 60 reinforcement
56
Tension-Controlled Sections
and Transition
et 0.005 when eu = 0.003
Compression-controlled strain limit < et
< 0.005
Transition region
57
0.003 0.85fc
Ct
a t = b 1c t
ct
dt at
h dt
As 2
et = 0.005 T
bw
58
ct = 0.375dt
As = 0.319b1fcbdt / fy
rt = 0.319b1fc / fy
0.5rtdtfy
Mnt = rtbdtfy (dt
) 0.85f c
59
Maximum Reinforcement
et 0.004
For fc = 4000 psi and Grade 60
reinforcement:
rmax = 0.0206
Previously, rmax = 0.0214 (et = 0.00376)
Recommend using et 0.005
60
Design Strength
Design Strength = Strength Reduction
Factor Nominal Strength
Design Strength = fMn
61
Strength Reduction Factor, f
Section 9.3.2
Tension-controlled section: f = 0.90
Compression-controlled section
Members with spiral reinforcement: f = 0.70
Other reinforced members: f = 0.65
Transition region
Linear transition
62
Strength Reduction Factor, f
f
f=0.7 + (et 0.002)(200/3)
0.90
Spiral
0.70 f=0.65 + (et 0.002)(250/3)
Other
0.65
Compression- Transition Tension-controlled
controlled
et = 0.002 et = 0.005
63
Design For Flexure
Strength requirement
fMn Mu
Additional requirements
Deflection control
Crack control
64
Design For Flexure
Nominal flexural strength
0.5As fy
Mn = As fy (d )
0.85fc b
0.5rdfy
Mn = rbdfy (d )
0.85fc
65
Design For Flexure
Nominal Strength Coefficient, Rn
Mn 0.5rfy
Rn = = rfy (1 ), Mn = Mu /f
bd2 0.85fc

0.85fc 2Rn
r= 1 1
fy 0.85fc
66
1,400
Coefficient of Resistance, Rn (psi)
1,200
f'c = 5,000 psi
1,000
f'c = 4,000 psi
800
f'c = 3,000 psi
600
400
200
0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
Reinforcement ratio, r
67
900
Coefficient of Resistance, fRn (psi)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
rt rmax
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Reinforcement Ratio, r
68
Design Procedure For
Flexure
Step 1
Select an approximate value of r
rt r rmin
rt = 0.319b1fc / fy
__
rmin = 3fc / fy 200/fy (10.5.1)
r 0.5rmax
69
Flexure
Step 2
Compute required bd2
Mu
bd2 =
fRn
0.5rfy
Rn = rfy (1 0.85f ), f= 0.9
c
70
Flexure
fc (psi) Rn (psi) 12,000Mu/fRn
3000 422 31.6
4000 563 23.7
5000 723 18.4

r = 0.5rmax, Grade 60 reinforcement
71
Flexure
fc (psi) bd2 (in.3)
Mu 3000 31.6Mu
2
bd =
fRn 4000 23.7Mu
5000 18.4Mu
Mu is in ft-kips
72
Flexure
Step 3
Size the member so that (bd2)provided
(bd2)required
Section 9.5 Control of deflections
73
Flexure
Step 3
Table 9.5(a) Minimum thickness, h

Simply One end Both ends
Member Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Solid one-way
/20 /24 /28 /10
slab
Beams or ribbed
/16 /18.5 /21 /8
one-way slabs
74
Flexure
Step 3

Member Cantilever
Beams or ribbed
/16 /18.5 /21 /8
one-way slabs
75
Flexure
Step 3

Member Cantilever
Beams or ribbed
/16 /18.5 /21 /8
one-way slabs
76
Flexure
Step 3

Member Cantilever
Beams or ribbed
/16 /18.5 /21 /8
one-way slabs
77
Flexure
Step 3
Table 9.5(b)
78
Flexure
Step 3
Mu
bd2 =
fRn
Beams: d = h 2.5 in.
One-way slabs: d = h 1.5 in.
79
Flexure
fc (psi) b (in.)
Mu 3000 31.6Mu/d2
b=
fRnd2 4000 23.7Mu /d2
5000 18.4Mu /d2

Mu is in ft-kips, d is in inches
80
Flexure
Notes on Member Sizing for Economy
Use whole inches for beam dimensions;
slabs may be specified in -in. increments
Use beam widths in multiples of 2 or 3 inches
Use constant beam size from span to span
and vary reinforcement as required
81
Flexure
Notes on Member Sizing for Economy
Use wide, flat beams rather than narrow,
deep beams
Use beam width equal to or greater than the
column width
Use uniform width and depth of beams
throughout the building, wherever possible
82
Flexure
Step 4
Compute revised r based on provided bd2
Exact method

0.85fc 2Rn
r= 1 1
fy 0.85fc
where Rn = Mu/fbd2
83
Flexure
Step 4
Compute revised r based on provided bd2
Approximate method
(revised Rn)
r = (original r)
(original Rn)
84
1,400
Coefficient of Resistance, Rn (psi)
1,200
1,000
f'c = 4,000 psi
800
600
400
2rmax/3
200
0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
Reinforcement ratio, r
85
Flexure
Step 5
Compute required As
As = (revised r) (provided bd)
86
Flexure
Step 5
Mu 0.5rf y
Rn = = rf y 1 -
2
f bd 0.85f c
Constant up to 2rmax /3
87
Flexure
Step 5
Mu
= r constant
2
f bd
Mu
As = 2
constant f bd
88
Flexure
fc (psi) As (in.2)
Mu 3000 Mu / 3.95d
As =
constant f bd 2 4000 Mu / 3.96d
Mu
As = 5000 Mu / 3.99d
4d
Mu is in ft-kips, d is in inches
89
Flexure
Step 6
Reinforcing bar details
Cover and spacing requirements
Sections 7.6.1 and 3.3.2 Minimum spacing for
concrete placement
Section 10.6 Maximum spacing for control of
flexural cracking
Section 7.7.1 Minimum cover for protection of
reinforcement
90
Flexure
Step 6
ds
db for No. 3 stirrups

r=
1 for No. 4 stirrups
cc
1
1-1/2 clear Clear space db
cs
1.33(max. aggregate size)
cc bw
91
Flexure
Minimum Number of Bars
10.6.4 Maximum spacing of bars
40,000 40,000
s = 15 2.5cc 12
fs fs
where fs = 2fy /3
92
Flexure
db
bw 2(cc + 0.5db)
nmin = +1
cc s
s
1-1/2 clear
cc bw
93
Flexure
Bar Beam Width (in.)
Size 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 36 42
No. 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
No. 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
No. 6 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
No. 7 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
No. 8 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
No. 9 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
No. 10 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
No. 11 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
94
Flexure
Maximum Number of Bars
Sections 7.6.1, 3.3.2 Minimum spacing of
bars
95
Flexure
ds
db for No. 3 stirrups

r=
1 for No. 4 stirrups
cc
1
1-1/2 clear Clear space db
cs
1.33(max. aggregate size)
cc bw
bw 2(cs + ds + r)
nmax = +1
(Min. clear space) + db
96
Flexure
Bar Beam Width (in.)
Size 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 36 42
No. 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 21 25
No. 5 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 16 19 23
No. 6 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 18 22
No. 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 17 20
No. 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 19
No. 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 14 17
No. 10 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 12 15
No. 11 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 11 13
97
Design Procedure for
Flexure
Section 7.12.2 Temperature and
shrinkage reinforcement for one-way
slabs
For Grade 60 bars or welded wire
reinforcement, rmin = 0.0020
Reinforcement ratio based on gross concrete
area of slab
98
Flexure
Step 7
Development of flexural reinforcement
Chapter 12 Development and Splices of
Reinforcement
99
Flexure
Section 12.2.3 Development length d
3 fy yt ye ys l
d = db
40 fc cb + Ktr
db
cb + Ktr
where 2.5
db
100
Flexure
Development length d
yt = reinforcement location factor
x > 12, yt = 1.3

x
x 12, yt = 1.0
101
Flexure
ye = coating factor
c
c < 3db or s < 6db, ye = 1.5
All other epoxy-coated bars,
s db ye = 1.2
Uncoated bars, ye = 1.3
102
Flexure
yt ye 1.7
103
Flexure
ys = reinforcement size factor
No. 6 and smaller bars and wires, ys = 0.8
No. 7 are larger bars, ys = 1.0
104
Flexure
l = lightweight aggregate factor
Lightweight concrete, l = 1.3
When fct is specified, l = 6.7fc /fct 1.0
Normal weight concrete, l = 1.0
105
Flexure
cb = spacing or cover dimension
c1
cb = minimum of (c1, c2, s/2)

s c2
106
Flexure
Ktr = transverse reinforcement index
Atr fyt
Ktr =
1500sn
cb + Ktr
2.5
db
107
Flexure
Excess reinforcement factor
Factor = (As required) / (As provided)
108
Flexure
Step 7
Sections 12.10 through 12.12
109
Positive M
Negative M
110
Flexure
Step 7
Critical sections for development of
reinforcement
Points of maximum stress
Points within the span where adjacent
reinforcement terminates or is bent
111
112
113
Theoretical
cut-off point
x
Larger of
114
115
116
Moment Redistribution
Section 8.4
Maximum redistribution = 1000et % 20%
et 0.0075
Adjustment of negative moments is made
for each loading configuration
Adjustment of negative moments requires
adjustment of positive moment in the same
span
117
Moment Redistribution
(M2)
(M1) Adj. (M2)
Adj. (M1) (M)+
Adj. (M)+
Adj. (Mi) = [1 (% adj./100)] (Mi)

% adj. = 1000et % 20%
Adj. (M)+ from statics
118
Deflections
Table 9.5(a) Indirect approach
Table 9.5(b) Direct approach
119
Deflections
Immediate (short-term)
Long-term
120
w
Yielding of reinforcement
w 5
4
3
3 Full service load
2 Cracking at midspan
1 Ends of beam crack
Midspan deflection
121
Deflections
Section 9.5.2.2 Immediate Deflection
Computed using methods or formulas for
elastic deflections
Must consider effects of cracking and
reinforcement on member stiffness
122
Deflections
Section 8.5.1 Modulus of elasticity Ec
Ec = wc1.5 33 fc
123
Deflections
Effective moment of inertia Ie
3 3
Mcr Mcr
Ie = Ig + 1 Icr Ig
Ma Ma
124
M
Icr
Moment, Ma
Mcr
Ig Ie
Dcr
De Dt
Deflection D
125
kd
Neutral axis
h d
As
nAs
bw
n = Es / Ec
126
b (kd) (kd/2) = nAs (d kd)
B = bw /nAs
kd = (2Bd + 1 1)/B
Icr = [bw (kd)3 /3] + nAs(d kd)2
127
Deflections
Section 9.5.2.3 Cracking Moment, Mcr
Mcr = fr Ig /yt
fr = 7.5fc
128
Deflections
Section 9.5.2.4 Ie for continuous members
Average of Ie obtained from Eq. (9-8) for the
critical positive and negative moment sections
Ie of midspan section properties from
Eq. (9-8) for prismatic members
129
Deflections
Section 9.5.2.5 Long-term Deflections
x
lD = r = As/bd
1 + 50r
130
Deflections
Section 9.5.2.5 Long-term Deflections
Time x
3 months 1.0
6 months 1.2
12 months 1.4
5 years 2.0
131
Deflections
Table 9.5(b)
132
133
Shear Requirements
134
Shear Strength
Av @ s
h
bw
135
Design Strength
Design Strength = f Nominal Strength
Section 9.3.2.3
f= 0.75
Section 11.1.1
Vn = Vc + Vs
136
Design Strength
Section 11.3 Shear Strength Provided by
Concrete for Nonprestressed Members
Members subject to shear and flexure
Vu d
Vc = (1.9fc + 2500rw ) bwd 3.5fc bwd
Mu
Vu d/Mu 1.0
137
Design Strength
Concrete for Nonprestressed Members
Members subject to shear and flexure
Vc = 2fc bwd
138
Design Strength
Shear Reinforcement
Members with shear reinforcement perpendicular
to axis of member
Avfytd
Vs =
s
139
Ab
s
Av = 2 Ab
140
Shear
Step 1
Determine Vu at critical sections of member
Section 9.2 Required strength
Section 11.1.3 Critical sections
141
Shear
Step 1
Section 11.1.3 Critical sections
Nonprestressed members: d from face of
support
142
Face of support
143
C
Avfyt (typ.)
C
T
144
Critical section
145
Shear
Step 2
Determine fVc
fVc = f2fc bwd, f = 0.75
fc 100 psi
146
Shear
Step 3
Compute Vu (fVc /2) at the critical section
If Vu (fVc /2) 0, no shear reinforcement is
required
If Vu (fVc /2) > 0, at least minimum shear
reinforcement must be provided
147
Shear
Step 4
Check minimum reinforcement requirements
at the critical section
If fVc Vu > fVc /2, provide minimum shear
reinforcement of Section 11.5.6.3
bws 50bws
Av, min = 0.75fc
fyt fyt
148
Shear
Step 5
Check maximum shear that can be
transmitted by stirrups
If Vu fVc = fVs > f8fc bwd, increase the size
of the section or the concrete compressive
strength
149
Shear
Step 6
Compute the distance from the face of the
support beyond which the concrete can
carry the total factored shear force
Vu = fVc /2
150
Shear Force Diagram
Face of support
fVc
fVc /2
Shear reinforcement
not required
151
Shear
Step 7
Compute the distance from the face of the
support beyond which minimum shear
reinforcement is required
Vu = fVc
152
Shear Force Diagram
Face of support
fVc
fVc /2
Minimum shear Shear reinforcement

reinforcement not required
153
Shear
Step 8
Compute the required area and spacing of
shear reinforcement at the critical section
fAv fy d
s=
Vu fVc
154
Shear
Step 8
Section 11.5.5 Maximum stirrup spacing
For Vu fVc = fVs f4fc bwd: s d/2 or 24 in.
For Vu fVc = fVs > f4fc bwd: s d/4 or 12 in.
155
Shear
Step 9
Determine required shear reinforcement at a
few additional controlling sections along the
span
Minimize number of different stirrup spacing
Use larger stirrup sizes at wider spacings
156
Shear
Simplified Approach
Practical stirrup spacing
s = d/2 to s = d/4
Intermediate stirrup spacing

s = d/3
157
Shear
fAvfytd
fVs =
s
Substitute d/n for s where n = 2, 3, or 4
fVs = fAvfytn
158
Shear
No. 3 No. 4 No. 5
s
U-stirrups U-stirrups U-stirrups
d/2 20 kips 36 kips 56 kips
159
Shear
Vu = 110 kips
fVc = 60 kips
fVs = 110 60 = 50 kips
160
Shear
No. 3 No. 4 No. 5
s
U-stirrups U-stirrups U-stirrups
161
Torsion Requirements
162
Av + t @ s
h
As + A
bw
163
Design for Torsion
Thin-walled Tube, Space-Truss Analogy
164
T
t
Shear Flow
q
T 0.75Acp
t=
pcp
T Thin-walled tube
q=
2Ao
2Acp
Ao Ao =
3
Area enclosed by shear flow path, Ao 165

Stirrups
xo
Cracks
T yo
V1 V4
V2
Longitudinal Bar
V3
Concrete Compression
Diagonals
Space truss analogy

166
Area of Stirrups
Atfyv
Atfyv
V2 yo = center-to-center
length of closed
stirrup
s
yocot
T Atfyvyo
V2 = qyo = yo = cot
2Ao s
167
Area of Stirrups
Atfyv
Atfyv
V2 yo = center-to-center
length of closed
stirrup
s
yocot
2Ao At fyt
Tn = cot , Ao = 0.85Aoh = 0.85xoyo
s
168
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Ni /2
Di
yo Vi
Ni

Ni /2
Ni = Vi cot
169
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Ni /2
Di
yo Vi
Ni

Ni /2
At fyt
A = ph cot 2
s fy
170
Threshold Torsion
Section 11.6.1 Nonprestressed
members
Acp
Tu < ffc 2
pcp
171
Threshold Torsion
Section 11.6.1 Nonprestressed
members subjected to an axial tensile
or compressive force
1/2
Acp Nu
Tu < ffc 2 1+
pcp 4Agfc
172
Threshold Torsion
Determination of Acp and pcp
h hf 4hf
hf
h
bw
173
Threshold Torsion
Determination of Acp and pcp
Neglect overhanging flange(s) when
Acp Beam with flange(s) <

Acp Beam w/o flange(s)
2 2
pcp pcp
174
Threshold Torsion
Hollow sections
Replace Acp with Ag in equations for threshold
torsion
175
Factored Torsion Moment Tu
Section 11.6.2 Equilibrium Torsion
176
Section 11.6.2 Compatibility Torsion
177
Section 11.6.2.2 Compatibility Torsion
Acp
Tu = 4 ffc 2
pcp
178
Critical Section
Section 11.6.2.4 Nonprestressed
members
Distance d from face of support
For concentrated torques within distance d,
critical section is at face of support
179
Torsional Moment Strength
Section 11.6.3
fTn Tu
2Ao At fyt
Tn = cot
s
180
Torsion
Step 1
Determine Tu from structural analysis of
framing system at the critical section
181
Torsion
Step 2
Compare Tu to threshold torsion
Acp
If Tu < ffc 2 Neglect torsion
pcp
Acp
If Tu ffc 2 Consider torsion
pcp
182
Torsion
Step 2
Limitation on fc
fc 100 psi
183
Torsion
Step 3
Determine whether Tu from Step 1 can be
reduced
184
Torsion
Step 3
Equilibrium torsion
Design for Tu from Step 1
185
Torsion
Step 3
Compatibility torsion
Acp
Tu = 4 ffc 2
pcp
186
Torsion
Step 4
Check adequacy of cross-sectional
dimensions
Section 11.6.3.1
187
Torsion
Step 4
Solid sections
1/2
2 2
Vu Tuph Vc
+ f + 8fc
bwd 1.7Aoh 2 bwd
188
Solid Section
Torsional Stresses Shear Stresses
189
Torsion
Step 4
Hollow sections
Vu Tuph Vc
+ f + 8fc
bwd 1.7Aoh 2 bwd
190
Hollow Section
Torsional Stresses Shear Stresses
191
Torsion
Step 5
Determine transverse reinforcement required
for torsion
At Tu
=
s f2Aofyt cot
Ao = 0.85Aoh, = 45
192
Torsion
Step 6
Determine transverse reinforcement required
for shear
Av Vu fVc
=
2s f2fyt d
193
Torsion
Step 7
Determine total transverse reinforcement
and spacing
At Av
+
s 2s
194
Torsion
Step 7
Minimum transverse reinforcement
At Av 0.375fc bw 25bw
Minimum + =
s 2s fyt fyt
195
Torsion
Step 7
Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement
ph/8
12 in.
d/2
196
Torsion
Step 8
Determine longitudinal reinforcement required
for torsion
At fyt
A = ph cot 2
s fy
197
Torsion
Step 8
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement required
for torsion
5fc Acp At fyt

A,min = - p
fy s h fy
At 25bw

s fyt
198
Torsion
Step 8
Detail requirements of longitudinal
reinforcement
199
Details of Longitudinal
Reinforcement
12 (typ.)
200
Reinforcement
201
Reinforcement
db s/24, 3/8 (typ.)
202
Torsion
Step 9
Determine the longitudinal reinforcement
required for flexure
203
Torsion
Step 10
Combine the longitudinal reinforcement
required for torsion with that required for
flexure
A /4 assigned to each face
204
Torsion
Step 11
Detail transverse and longitudinal
reinforcement
Torsion reinforcement to be provided a distance of
bt + d beyond theoretical cut-off point
A may be reduced in flexural compression zone of
member
205
Alternate Design Method
Section 11.6.7
Alternate design procedure
Solid sections with h/bt 3
Substantial agreement with tests
206
Learning Objectives
Analyze reinforced Design reinforced
concrete beams and concrete beams and
one-way slabs one-way slabs
Approximate Flexure
methods
Serviceability
Nonprestressed Shear
reinforcement Torsion
207
Example Problems
Flexure and shear
Flexure, shear, and torsion
Resource Link
208
Example Problems
Resource Link 209

Quiz
Three hours of continuing education credit
Resource Link
210
Software Solutions
pcaBeam
Installation Link 211

More Information
www.cement.org/buildings
212

Beams and One-Way Slabs

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Beams and One-Way Slabs

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Beams and One-way

Portland Cement Association

Loading pattern for

Loading pattern for

Uniformly distributed load (L/D 3)

Integral with Simple

Section 9.2 Load combinations

= 0.6 for fy = 60 ksi

Recommend using et 0.005

fc (psi) Rn (psi) 12,000Mu/fRn

3000 422 31.6

4000 563 23.7

5000 723 18.4

fc (psi) bd2 (in.3)

Table 9.5(a) Minimum thickness, h

Table 9.5(a) Minimum thickness, h

Table 9.5(a) Minimum thickness, h

Table 9.5(a) Minimum thickness, h

Beams: d = h 2.5 in.

One-way slabs: d = h 1.5 in.

5000 18.4Mu /d2

db for No. 3 stirrups

db for No. 3 stirrups

x > 12, yt = 1.3

cb = minimum of (c1, c2, s/2)

Factor = (As required) / (As provided)

Adj. (Mi) = [1 (% adj./100)] (Mi)

1 Ends of beam crack

Icr = [bw (kd)3 /3] + nAs(d kd)2

fVc = f2fc bwd, f = 0.75

Minimum shear Shear reinforcement

Intermediate stirrup spacing

d/2 20 kips 36 kips 56 kips

d/3 30 kips 54 kips 84 kips

d/4 40 kips 72 kips 112 kips

fVs = 110 60 = 50 kips

d/2 20 kips 36 kips 56 kips

d/3 30 kips 54 kips 84 kips

d/4 40 kips 72 kips 112 kips

Area enclosed by shear flow path, Ao 165

Space truss analogy

Acp Beam with flange(s) <

Torsional Stresses Shear Stresses

Torsional Stresses Shear Stresses

5fc Acp At fyt

db s/24, 3/8 (typ.)

Resource Link 209

Installation Link 211

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