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In-Line Filtration
1. Removal or color, taste and odor (caused by the presence of dissolved organic carbon)
Oxidation states of Carbon: -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, + 4
It can oxidize organic carbon present in water, i.e., increase its oxidation state (subject to
kinetic limitations).
Some cations like Fe2+, Mn2+ etc. are also oxidized by chlorine.
Chlorine Demand of Natural Water
In pure water
45o 45o
In water with
Ammonia
Free Chlorine Residual (mg/L)
NH 4
NH 3 (aq ) H
pK 9.5
Breakpoint NH 4 OCl
NH 2 Cl H 2 O Monochlora mine Formation
Chlorination
FR NH 2 Cl OCl
NHCl 2 OH
Dichlorami ne Formation
Instantaneous
Chlorine Breakpoint
Demand Chlorination
FR
CR 45o
CR
As soon as chlorine is added to water, it reacts with organic matter (and also some inorganic
matter) present in water.
These reactions occur in a matter of minutes and results in chlorine being reduced. The taste,
color and odor causing compounds present in water are oxidized during this time.
Generally 1 mg/L chlorine is added per mg/L BOD5 present in the water to care of the demand by
organic compounds present in water
If oxidisable inorganic ions are present (i.e., Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions, etc.), additional chlorine will be
required to satisfy the demand from these ions.
Satisfying instantaneous chlorine demand of the water will take care of the taste, color and odor
problems in most cases.
Example (Taste and Color causing compounds): Fe2+ ions, Mn2+ ions
Breakpoint chlorination must be achieved, such that Free Residual Chlorine can exist in water
Sufficient Free Residual Chlorine must be present in water for effective disinfection and
maintenance of free chlorine residual in the water distribution system
Free Chlorine Residual (mg/L)
Instantaneous
Chlorine Breakpoint
Demand Chlorination
FR
CR 45o
CR
Target microorganism??
Many microorganisms cause water borne diseases,
pH = 6 14 28 42
pH = 7 20 39 59
pH = 8 30 59 89
pH = 9 43 86 129
Free chlorine consists of two species, [HOCl] and [OCl-]. Among these, [HOCl] is by far more
effective for disinfection. In fact, disinfection by [OCl-] may be neglected in comparison to that
by [HOCl]
Concept of CT Credit
Bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms are particles. Hence they are removed substantially
by particle removal processes, i.e., coagulation-flocculation and filtration commonly used in
water treatment. It may be assumed that 2.5-log removal of Giardia lamblia cysts occur during
conventional water treatment, while 2-log removal may be assumed in case of direct filtration.
Hence, if 5-log removal of Giardia lamblia cysts is desired during conventional water
treatment, the disinfection system should be designed corresponding to a CT value of only
2.5.
Example Problem
Raw water obtained from a river was put through the conventional water treatment processes,
i.e., primary sedimentation, coagulant addition, rapid mixing, flocculation, secondary
sedimentation and rapid sand filtration. The water quality after rapid sand filtration was as
follows,
Turbidity: < 1 NTU;
BOD5: 3 mg/L; (imparts color, odor and taste to water)
TKN: 2 mg/L (as N); (ammonia nitrogen)
pH: 7.5
This water is to be chlorinated using Hypo (NaOCl) solution. A 10 M Hypo stock solution
is available for this purpose. Enough chlorine must be added to water such that the chlorination
objectives are satisfied. The chlorination objectives are as follows,
1. BOD5 should be oxidized as far as possible, such that color, taste and odor of water is
removed.
2. All TKN in water should be converted to N2 (i.e., breakpoint chlorination), such that
free chlorine (HOCl + OCl-) can exist in water.
3. Free chlorine residual in finished water should be 2 mg/L as Cl2. This is required as a
check against re-contamination of water in the distribution system.
4. 5-Log removal of Giardia cysts is desired.
Based on the above information, you are required to find out the following,
1. How much of the Hypo stock solution must be added per 1 liter of water for
fulfilling the chlorination objectives.
2. What is the required contact time (t) after chlorine addition to ensure the required
Log-kill of Giardia cysts.
Given:
1. 1 mg/L chlorine is required to completely oxidize 1 mg/L BOD5.
2. 2.0-Log removal of Giardia cysts occur during conventional treatment.
3. Ct for 2-Log kill of Giardia cysts at pH 7 using free chlorine is 39 mg/L-min.
4. OCl- is totally ineffective in killing microorganisms.
Solution:
Instantaneous chlorine demand
1 mg/L chlorine (as Cl2) is required per 1 mg/L BOD5
BOD5 = 3 mg/L
Hence instantaneous chlorine demand = 3 mg/L chlorine as Cl2
Chlorine content of the stock Hypo solution = 10.(71000) = 7.1 x 105 mg/L as Cl2
Therefore, required contact time = 95/2 = 47.5 minutes for obtaining a total 5-Log removal (2-Log
removal by conventional treatment + 3-Log kill by disinfection) of Giardia Cysts.
The free chlorine residual remains in water (it is not removed) as a insurance against re-
contamination of water in the distribution system.
In fact, maintenance of a free chlorine residual of at least 1 mg/L at the farthest end of the
distribution network is recommended for effective public health protection from water borne
diseases.
Disinfection by-products (DBPs)
Trihalomethanes: 4 kinds
Haloacetic acids: 9 kinds
These are the most common chlorination by-products, though many others are also formed.
Risk assessment: Immediate risk of illness from water borne diseases versus long term risk
of cancer
Of course, best option will be to prevent formation of DBPs. For this, DBPs precursors, i.e.,
dissolved organic matter must be destroyed or removed from water before chlorination. Another
option will be to use alternative disinfectants.
Alternative Disinfectants
Ozone
ClO2
UV
Big disadvantage: they do not leave behind any residual for protection against re-
contamination of water in the distribution system.
Underground Storage Tank
Inlet Pump
1m Overflow
Maximum Storage Outlet
Ground Level Ground Level
5m Minimum Storage
1.5 m