Bit Selection

1
 Bit Classification

A Broad Overview

2
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

3
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

4
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

5
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

6
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

7
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Alternative Names
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Rock Bit
Tri-Cone PDC Diamond
Mill
Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

8
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

9
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

10
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

11
 Bit Classification
Drill Bits

Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone

Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth

Natural Impregnated Roller Journal

TSP Diamond Bearing Bearing
Diamond

12
 Drilling Mechanics

An Introduction to
Drilling Mechanisms

13
 Failure Mechanisms

PDC BIT
Failure Mechanisms CONTINUOUS
SHEARING

Shear Failure
Compressive
Failure
ROLLER CONE BIT
CYCLIC COMPRESSION

14
 Rock Strength

Shear Strength
Compressive Strength

15
 Drilling Mechanisms

How Bits Cause Rock Failure

16
 Drilling Mechanisms

Pure Shear
Failure

17
 Drilling Mechanisms

Compressive
and Shear
Failure

18
 Cutting Elements
Teeth and Hardfacing

19
 Drilling Mechanisms

Compressive
Failure

20
 Cutting Elements

Tungsten Carbide Inserts

21
 Roller Cone Bits

Rock Bits
Rolling Cutter Bits
Tricone Bits Cutting Structure Type
Mill Tooth Insert

Bearing Type
Roller Friction

22
 Bearing Types
Roller Bearing

Commonly
sealed,
but may
be
unsealed.

23
 Bearing Types
Friction or Journal Bearing

Always
Sealed

24
 Cutting Elements
Shear revisited
Polycrystalline
Diamond Compact

25
 Cutting Elements
19 mm
16 mm
13 mm
11 mm
8 mm

26
 Drilling Mechanisms

Shear Failure
PDC BIT
CONTINUOUS
SHEARING

27
 Drilling Mechanisms

Shear/Compressive
Failure

NATURAL DIAMOND
OR IMPREG BIT
CONTINUOUS
CRUSHING
& ABRASION
28
 Cutting Elements

Natural Diamonds
Size
Shape
Quality

29
 Cutting Elements
Impregnated Diamond Blades

30
 Cutting Elements
TSP

31
 Cutting Elements
PDC
TSP Strength Weakness

Diamonds
Impregnated
Diamonds
Hardfaced Teeth
Tungsten Carbide
Inserts

32
 Drilling Mechanisms

Gouging & Scraping Mill Tooth

Chipping and Insert
Crushing
Shearing PDC

Ploughing Natural Diamond

Grinding DuraDiamond

33
 Bit Classification

Application and I.A.D.C. Codes

34
 I.A.D.C. Codes
Tooth

Soft 1-1
1

2
1-3
3

2-1
Hard
35
 I.A.D.C. Codes
Tooth
Soft 4-1
1

Insert
2 4
3 5

7
8-3
Hard 8
36
 I.A.D.C. Codes
Tooth PDC
Soft

Insert
2 4
3 5

8
37 Hard
 I.A.D.C. Codes
Tooth PDC

Soft
1

Insert
2 4
3 5

6
Diamond
7
Hard
8
38
 I.A.D.C. Codes
Tooth PDC
Soft

Insert
2 4
Impregnated
3 5 Diamond

6
Diamond
7
Hard
8
39
 Bit Application Spectrum
PDC
Penetration Rate

Mill Tooth
Insert

Impreg
& Natural
Diamond

Formation Compressive Strength

40
DP
 Bit Selection

Which Bit Type Do You Choose?

41
 Bit Selection Process

Which
One ?

42
 Bit Selection - PDC Bits

Advantages
Very Fast ROP
Long Life Potential

Considerations
Impact Damage
Abrasiveness
Stability

43
 Bit Selection - Tooth Bits

Advantages
Fast ROP
Good Stability
Economic

Considerations
Tooth Wear Rate
Bearing Life

44
 Bit Selection - Insert Bits

Advantages
Cutting Structure Durability
Range of Formations
Interbed Tolerance
Steerability and Stability

Considerations
Slower ROP
Bearing Life
45
 Bit Selection
Impreg & Natural Diamond Bits
Advantages
Very Durable
Hard Rock Capability
Low Junk-in-Hole Risk

Considerations
Slower ROP
RPM Sensitivity
High Cost Applications
46
 The Bit Selection Process

47
 What Do We Look At?

Offset Data
Objectives

Geology

Limitations Other

48
Geology - Lithological Analysis

49
 Lithological Analysis
Potential Difficulties
Balling in Horda and
Balder
Vibration in Grid
Sandstone
Pyrite in Balder and below
Stringers (40k psi)
Abrasive sands
Hard Ekofisk Limestone

50
 Structural Geology

51
 Structural Geology

52
 Structural Geology

53
 Structural Geology

Faults
In Cusiana/Cupiagua
Fields of Colombia the
Same formation below
The Yopal fault is much
Harder & abrasive than
Above the fault.

54
 BPX COLOMBIA
50
4000

BA C3S T 1S

3000
25
CS K 1 0

CP H 15 BA J W P 1Z

2000
CS R9Z
20

BAB6
B A DD2 2
B A Y 16
1000

B A B 2V B A W 18
CP A 1Z
B A DD1 7
CS K 7 CP B 4Z B A Z 12
BAC 3 CP Q 6Z B A D5Z
B A H1 5 CP H 8 CS Q 4S T 2Y
BA Y 7Z B A CA 27
CS K 2A BA A 1Z CUS Q 4 CS V 8
0 CP E 7

CS K 2A S T 1 CS K 6 CS T 3X CP K 5X CS Q 4S T 1X UP DIP
B A Z 10 CP U 9
CS M 1 CS R 11
B A P B 26
BAG 9
BA G 8Z B A A 23
BA X 11Z B A D2 4 BA G 19Z

-1000 CP B2 V B A J 20

BA G 13Y

CS U5Z
B A A 4Y B A X 14Y
20
-2000

CP H 11

CP C 3 X B A D21Z

CP E 1 0
-3000
25
50
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

55
 Geology Local Features

Bunter Sandstone (UK southern North Sea)

Locally within Block 48 there is a hard, baked
crust on the top of this formation which makes
PDC application extremely risky. In adjacent
Blocks this feature is not present and the interval
can be effectively drilled with light-set, aggressive
PDC bits.

56
Ensure This Knowledge Is Captured

57
 What Do We Look At?

Offset Data
Objectives

Geology

Limitations Other

58
 Wireline Logs and
Mud Logs
Morning Reports
and BHA Reports

59
 Offset Data Bit Records

60
 1983 1986 1990

61
 Offset Data - Analysis
Bit Depth Out Interval Hours R.O.P. Dull Condition
ATX11H 2253 1311 69 19 2 2 BT M E I No HR
ATM22 2729 0 0 0 0 0 A E 0 TD
ATM22 2729 476 77 6.2 8 7 BT A E 2 BT PR
ATM22 2816 87 19 4.6 4 4 CT H E 1 JD TD

1st Run: Pulled too early

2nd Run: No footage
3rd Run: Major cutting structure
damage
4th Run: Junk damage?
Almost a two bit section
62
 Types of Vibration
Axial
up and down movement of the
string along its central axis.

Torsional
twisting of the string

Lateral
pendulum-like swing or combination of all
three

63
 Cutting Structure Other Reason
Bearings/
Gauge Dull Pulled
Seals
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location Char.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 Major Dull Characteristics (Use only Cutting Structure Related Codes)

*BC - Broken Cone
BF - LS Bond Failure
BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CI - Cone Interferance
CR - Cored
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - ErosionR - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
OC - Off Center Wear
PB - Pinched Bit
PN Plugged Nozzle/ Teeth/Cutters
Flow Passsage
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
SD - Shirrtail Damage
SS - Self Sharpening
Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn
NO - No Dull
Characteristicstics

64 *All in RED could be VIBRATION INDUCED

Offset Data Dull Bit Analysis

65
 ROP (fph)

100
120
140
160

0
20
40
60
80

66
12470
12525
12580
12635
12690
12745
12800
12855
12910
12965
13020
13075
13130
ROP

13185
13240
13295
13350
13405
13460
Average Torque

13515
Offset Data

13570
13625
ROP v Average Torque v Depth

13680
13735
Parameters Analysis

13790
13845
13900
13955
14010
0
5
10
15
20
25

Torque (Kft/lbs)
 Offset Data Benchmarking
Average well performance

Average interval performance

Average single run performance

Selected Averages (Best or most recent)

Selected Averages (by other data)

67
 What Do We Look At?

Offset Data
Objectives

Geology

Limitations Other

68
 Defining the Objective
Ask the customer(s) what they want!!!

Durability, ROP, Directional, Cost,

Dull Condition, Hours, (usually all)

Determine the feasibility

Finalize and agree upon objectives

69
 What Do We Look At?

Offset Data
Objectives

Geology

Limitations Other

70
 Recognizing the Limitations

Operational restrictions (rig specs, etc)

Contractual restrictions

Economic restrictions

Changing the mindset

71
 What Do We Look At?

Offset Data Objectives

Geology

Other
Limitations

72
 Other Factors (Mud)

Mud Properties (base fluid, density, additives, etc)

Bit Hydraulics (especially critical in WBM)

Maximum/Minimum Flow Rates

Mud lubricity (effects on vibration & Impreg Bits)

73
 Other Factors
ROP & Mud Weight vs Well
Number
20.00 -2.00
18.00 -1.80
16.00 -1.60

(Sg)
Mud Weight
14.00 -1.40
ROP (ft/hr)

12.00 -1.20
10.00 -1.00
8.00 -0.80
6.00 -0.60
4.00 -0.40
2.00 -0.20
0.00 -0.00
D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D24 D24
ave rop st

mud wt Well Number

74
 Other Factors
Logistics
Remote locations require large inventory load
out

Contingency Planning
Need to cover all potential possibilities
Can only be achieved by effective
communications

Economics
Potential impact on TOTAL revenue

75
 Bit Selection

Questions ???

76