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BAHAYA,
BENCANA, DAN
MITIGASINYA
Nilai positif gunung api
1. Menarik awan karena ketinggiannya
membawa hujan
2. Lereng-lereng terjal kawasan lindung;
lembahnya bisa dimanfaatkan secara
terbatas
3. Tanah subur; potensi geotermal; sulfur;
4. Banyak mata air, daerah resapan
5. Kontrol struktur terhadap akuifer atau
cebakan panas bumi
Lava Flows
Streams of molten rock
Usually slow speed
Only a few mph
Can reach up to 60 mph
Intermediate to mafic composition
Most common
Hawaiian hazard;
leads to mostly
destruction of property
LAVA !!
Volcanic Hazards!
Volcanic Hazards!
YA, BUKAN
LAHAR!
Puu Oo and Kupaianaha
Started eruptions in 1983
By 2002, 189 structures
destroyed and 13 km of
highway covered with up to
25m of lava
Reticulite
Peles hair
Volcanic Gases
Gases released: H20
vapor, CO2, SO2, HCl,
HF, H2S, CO, H2,
NH3, CH4 and SiF4
Formation of acid rain
(from SO2) can cause
water contamination
and plant damage
Prevailing winds can
blow gases
thousands of
kilometers away
Earthquakes
Volcanic earthquakes: small; caused by eruptions
and movement of magma within the volcano
Tectonic earthquakes:
occur at base of volcano
or deep within the crust
- larger and more
destructive
April 2, 1868 7.9
magnitude earthquake;
most destructive in
Hawaiian history
Ground cracks and settling
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Large red triangles show volcanoes with known or inferred Holocene eruptions; small red triangles mark volcanoes with
possible, but uncertain Holocene eruptions or Pleistocene volcanoes with major thermal activity. Yellow triangles
distinguish volcanoes of other regions.
Gunung api
di Indonesia
1. Aktif Normal
(secara visual, kegempaan dan gejala vulkanik lainnya biasa-biasa saja)
2. Waspada
(terjadi peningkatan kegiatan, kelainan yang tampak secara visual, hasil
pemeriksaan kawah, kegempaan dan gejala vulkanik lainnya)
3. Siaga
Peningkatan semakin nyata secara visual, pemeriksaan kawah, dan
kegempaan; cenderung diikuti letusan
4. Awas
Menjelang letusan utama, letusan awal berupa abu/asap.
Pembagian
Kawasan Rawan Bencana (KRB)
Gunung Api
Toba, the Earth's largest Quaternary caldera, is seen here in a false-color satellite
image. The 35 x 100 km caldera, partially filled by Lake Toba, was formed during
four major ignimbrite-forming eruptions in the Pleistocene, the latest of which
occurred about 74,000 years ago. The large island of Samosir is a resurgent
uplifted block. The solfatarically active Pusukbukit volcano was later constructed
near the south-central caldera rim, and Tandukbenua volcano on the NW rim may
be only a few hundred years old.
Landsat image, 1987 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration/EOSAT).
Krakatau
The renowned Krakatau volcano lies in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and
Java. The historic eruption of 1883 destroyed much of Krakatau Island, forming a
submarine caldera and producing detonations that were heard as far away as
Australia. Rakata Island in the background is the truncated rim of the 1883
caldera. Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) in the foreground is a post-caldera
cone that first breached the surface of the sea in 1928 and has been in frequent
activity since then. The black lava flow at the right side of the photo was erupted
in 1975.
Photo courtesy Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, 1979.
Krakatau 1883
Berouw
BBC, 2001
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano; vollcano Status: Historical; Last Known Eruption: 2002
Summit Elevation: 2665 m 8,743 feet; Latitude: 7.32S 719'0"S; Longitude: 107.73E 10744'0"E
Papandayan is a complex stratovolcano with four large summit craters, the youngest of which was
breached to the NE by collapse during a brief eruption in 1772 and contains active fumarole fields.
The broad 1.1-km-wide, flat-floored Alun-Alun crater truncates the summit of Papandayan, and
Gunung Puntang to the north gives the volcano a twin-peaked appearance. Several episodes of
collapse have given the volcano an irregular profile and produced debris avalanches that have
impacted lowland areas beyond the volcano. A sulfur-encrusted fumarole field occupies historically
active Kawah Mas ("Golden Crater"). After its first historical eruption in 1772, in which collapse of the
NE flank produced a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3000
persons, only small phreatic eruptions had occurred prior to an explosive eruption that began in
November 2002
Galunggung
The symmetrical Semeru volcano rises to 3676 m, the highest point in Java. This
1985 view from the SE shows Semeru rising dramatically above the coastal plain
during one of its frequent small explosive eruptions. Larger eruptions occasionally
produce pyroclastic flows and lahars that reach as far as the lower flanks of the
volcano. Semeru (also known as Mahameru--"Great Mountain") has been in
continuous activity since 1967.
Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1985 (U.S. Geological Survey).
G. Merapi
G. Semeru
Tengger Caldera
Bromo volcano steams at the left in this view from the rim of Ngadisari caldera, the
older of two Tengger calderas. The pyroclastic cones of Bromo and the conical,
parasol-ribbed Batok in the lower center, are two of several post-caldera cones of
Tengger caldera. The towering conical peak of Semeru, Java's highest volcano,
appears in the background at the end of a long N-S trending volcanic massif.
Photo courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia.
G. Kelud
Agung
Agung volcano towers over the eastern end of the island of Bali. A
steep-walled, 200-m-deep crater is located at the summit of the
3142-m-high volcano, seen here from the Sakta River on the
eastern flank. Only three eruptions have been recorded in historical
time from Gunung Agung; the latest, during 1963-64, produced
devastating pyroclastic flows and lahars.
Photo by Tom Pierson, 1989 (U.S. Geological Survey).
Batur
Batur volcano on the island of Bali was constructed within a 7.5-km-wide inner
caldera whose SE margin is obscured beneath the foreground caldera lake,
which fills part of the SE floor of an outer 10 x 13 km wide caldera. Batur
stratovolcano was constructed as a result of eruptions along a NE-SW-trending
line of vents. Historical lava flows have formed much of the far lake shore in this
view.
Photo by Sumarna Hamidi, 1973 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
G. Batur
Lava 1963
Blocky lava
Tambora volcano on Indonesia's Sumbawa Island was the site of the world's
largest historical eruption in April 1815. This aerial view from the NW shows the 6-
km-wide caldera truncating the 2850-m summit of the massive volcano. Pyroclastic
flows during the 1815 eruption reached the sea on all sides of the 60-km-wide
volcanic peninsula and the ejection of large amounts of tephra caused world-wide
temperature declines in 1815 and 1816.
Photo by Rizal Dasoeki, 1986 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
Kelimutu
Kelimutu, a small volcano on Flores Island, is noted for its three crater lakes of
different colors. This aerial view from the SW shows Tiwu Ata Mbupu (Lake of
Old People) at the lower left, and the double craters of Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Tai
(Lake of Young Men and Maiden) and Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched, or Enchanted
Lake) at the upper right. Water color varies periodically, but is often blue, green,
and red, respectively. Phreatic eruptions have occurred from the middle lake in
historical time.
Photo by Tom Casadevall (U.S. Geological Survey).
Colo Una-Una
Ash mantles the summit of Colo volcano after a powerful explosive eruption in 1983.
The volcano forms the isolated island of Una-Una in the middle of the Gulf of Tomini
in northern Sulawesi. The broad, low volcano is truncated by a 2-km-wide caldera
that contains a small central cone. Only three eruptions have been recorded in
historical time. The last eruption, in 1983, produced pyroclastic flows that swept over
most of the island shortly after all residents had been evacuated.
Photo by M.S. Santoso, 1983 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
Soputan
The small Soputan stratovolcano, seen here from the west, was
constructed on the southern rim of the Quaternary Tondano caldera in
northern Sulawesi Island. The youthful, largely unvegetated Soputan
volcano is one of Sulawesi's most active volcanoes. During historical
time the locus of eruptions has included both the summit crater and
Aeseput, a prominent NE flank vent that formed in 1906 and was the
source of intermittent major lava flows until 1924.
Photo by Agus Solihin (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).
Gamalama