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1
Objectives
To provide an overview of
Absorption of lipids
2
LIPIDS
Defn: Esters of fatty acids with alcohol
heterogenous
nonpolar
Insoluble in water; Soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (e.g.
ether, chloroform, acetone & benzene)
hydrophobic in nature.
variously called as lipins or lipoids.
CLASSIFICATION of LIPIDS
LIPIDS
ALCOHOL
FATS & OIL PHOSPHOLIPIDS
LECITHIN FATTY ACIDS
WAXES STEROLS
CEPHALIN
ISOPRENOIDS
PLASMALOGEN
TERPENOIDS
SPHINGOMYELIN
CAROTENOIDS
GLYCOLIPIDS
CEREBROSIDES
GANGLIOSIDES
SULFOLIPIDS
SIMPLE LIPIDS
CH2OOCC17H33 CH2OOCC17H33
CHOOCC17H33 CHOOCC15H31
CH2-OOCC17H33 CH2-OOCC17H35
WAXES
1. Esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight monohydroxy
alcohol
2. Present in birds and fur and also coated on plants and acts as water
repellant
LECITHIN
Glycerol + Fatty acid + Phosphoric acid + choline
CEPHALIN
Glycerol + Fatty acid + Phosphoric acid + Ethanolamine/ serine
PLASMALOGENS
1. Present in brain and muscle.
2. One fatty acid replaced by unsaturated ether.
1. Phosphatidal choline
2. Phosphatidal ethanolamine
3. Phosphatidal serine
PHOSPHOINOSITIDES
1. Present in brain tissues and soyabeans.
2. Role in transport of processes in cells signal transduction.
1. Monophosphoinositide
2. Triphosphoinositide
SPHINGOMYELINS
1. Found in nerve tissue myelin sheath of the nerve.
2. No glycerol is present
Sphingosine + Fatty acid + Phosphoric acid + choline
CARDIOLIPIN isolated from cardiac muscles
GLYCOLIPIDS
CEREBROSIDES
ceramide
GANGLIOSIDES
GM1
GM2
GM3
DERIVED LIPIDS
Substances derived from simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis
1. Fatty acids
2. Alcohols
3. Mono- and Diglycerides
4. Sterols and Steroids
5. Isoprenoids - terpenes and carotenoids
STEROLS
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring with different substituent
group
C D
A B
Few Sterols
Male & female sex hormones
Bile acids
Vitamin D
Adrenal corticosteroids
Cholesterol ( major sterol)
PROSTAGLANDINS
SATURATED
THROMBOXANES
UNSATURATED
MONOUNSATURATED
POLYUNSATURATED
OMEGA 3
OMEGA 6
CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS
CHEMICAL
- Omega 3
(the double bond nearest the last carbon of the chain is 3
carbons apart from the end of the chain)
Eg. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) C18: 3
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) C20: 5
Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) C22: 6
- Omega 6
(the double bond nearest to the last carbon of the chain is 6
carbon apart)
Eg. Linoleic acid C18: 23
Arachidonic acid C20: 4
According to the geometric configuration
(both part of the chain adjacent to the double bond are at the
same side of the double bond)
(the two parts or the chain adjacent to the double bond are in
opposite side or the double bond)
They are called so, because they are not synthesized in our body
and they are needed for growth and metabolic reactions.
WHERE?
GI tract
Stomach
Duodenum
Small intestine
HOW?
enzymic digestion of simple and complex lipids
emulsification and micellization of products
diffusion into enterocytes
reconstitution and packaging for transport to other tissues
Digestion of lipids in stomach
Lingual lipase (originates from the glands at the back of the tongue)
Gastric lipase (secreted by gastric mucosa)
Both are acid stable lipases, with pH optimum of pH4 to pH8
Act on triacylglycerols with short and medium-length fatty acids (<12 carbon)
It is absorbed directly via the stomach wall and are transported via the portal
vein to the liver.
Digestion of lipids in duodenum
Bile emulsifies lipids & increase available surface area for digestion
by enzymes at interface
Emulsification is aided by peristalsis
Digestion of lipids in small intestine
Colipase
Also secreted by pancreas and binds pancreatic lipase at a ratio of one to
one.
Anchors at lipid aqueous interface.
Procolipase colipase
Cholesteryl ester degradation
Mostly in free form ; 10-15% in esterified form
Cholesteryl esters are hydrolysed by pancreatic cholesterol ester
hydrolase (cholesterol esterase)
Products are cholesterol and free fatty acids
Cholesteryl esterase activity is greatly increased in the presence of bile
salts
Mixture of lipids
For biosynthesis of complex lipids
(absorbed) Migrates to
ER
Activation
Fatty acids Fatty acyl CoA derivatives
Thiokinase (Fatty acyl
CoA synthetase)
Conversion
Monoacylglycerol Triacylglycerol
Monoacylglyceol acyl transferase
Diacylglycerol acyl transferase
Lysophospholipids Phospholipids
Acyl transferases
Cholesterol and other sterols are poorly absorbed. Overall, about 50% of dietary
cholesterol is absorbed.
Dietary fat increases cholesterol absorption
Fiber (especially soluble fiber) and phytosterols decrease cholesterol absorption
Diseases associated with dietary lipid Metabolism