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MICRO-MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE

MATERIALS

Dr. Syed Altaf Hussain


Professor of Mechanical Engineering
R G M C E T-Nandyal
Introduction
A material system composed of two or
more physically distinct phases whose
combination produces aggregate
properties that are different from those of
its constituents.
Why Composites are Important
Composites can be very strong and stiff, yet very light in
weight, so ratios of strength-to-weight and
stiffness-to-weight are several times greater than steel or
aluminum
High creep resistance
Fatigue properties are generally better than for common
engineering metals
Toughness is often greater too
Composites can be designed that do not corrode like
steel
Possible to achieve combinations of properties not
attainable with metals, ceramics, or polymers alone
Disadvantages and Limitations of
Composite Materials
Properties of many important composites are anisotropic - the
properties differ depending on the direction in which they are
measured this may be an advantage or a disadvantage.
Difficulty in fabrication.
Repair can be difficult.
Inspection and testing typically more complex.
Many of the polymer-based composites are subject to attack by
chemicals or solvents, just as the polymers themselves are
susceptible to attack.
Composite materials are generally expensive.
Manufacturing methods for shaping composite materials are
often slow and costly.
Where are composites
used??????

CFRP carbon fiber


reinforced
composite.

GFRP glass
fiber
reinforced
composite
Composites in industry

Engineering applications
Aerospace
Automobile
Pressure vessel and pipes
Any place where high performance materials are desired

Turret Shield Bullet proof


Industrial
Medical Table shields
Spring
www.composiflex.com
Different Applications of FRP composite Materials

7
8
Classification
COMPOSITES
COMPOSITES

POLYMER
POLYMER METAL
METAL CERAMIC
CERAMIC
MATRIX
MATRIX MATRIX
MATRIX MTRIX
MATRIX
COMPOSITES
COMPOSITES COMPOSITES COMPOSITES
COMPOSITES COMPOSITES

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INTRODUCTION (contd.,)

FRP Composites

+
Fiber POLYME MATRIX
Polymer matrix
Reinforcement

Glass Carbon Aramid Epoxy Polyester Vinylester


GLASS

12/11/2017
Components in a Composite
Material
Nearly all composite materials consist of
two phases:
Primary phase - forms the matrix within
which the secondary phase is embedded
Secondary phase - embedded phase
sometimes referred to as a reinforcing
phase, because it usually serves to
strengthen the composite.
The reinforcing phase may be in the form of
fibers, particles, or various other geometries .
Functions of the Matrix Material
(Primary Phase)
Protect phases from environment.
Transfer Stresses to phases.
Holds the embedded phase in place, usually
enclosing and often concealing it .
When a load is applied, the matrix shares the
load with the secondary phase, in some cases
deforming so that the stress is essentially born
by the reinforcing agent .
Functions of the Reinforced Material
(Secondary Phase)

Secondary Phase (Reinforced material) provide key structural


properties to the composite material.
The Reinforcing phase may be in the form of fibers, particles or
flakes.
Ex: Plant fibers : Cotton, Jute, Hemp, sisal etc.
Animal fiber: Silk, wool etc.
Man made fibers : Glass, carbon , Kevlar, Graphite etc.
All the natural fibers are Hydrophilic in nature ( Tendency to
mix with water). But the matrix is polymeric are hydrophobic
( failing to mix with water) . This discrepancy leads to
formation of ineffective interface.
Fluctuating Mechanical Properties creates a problem of
using natural fiber for plastic reinforcement.
Critical fiber length (lC) for effective stiffening & strengthening:

fiber strength in tension fiber diameter


f d
fiber length 15 shear strength of
c fiber-matrix interface
Ex: For fiberglass, a fiber length > 15 mm is needed since this length
provides a Continuous fiber based on usual glass fiber properties
Why? Longer fibers carry stress more efficiently!
Shorter, thicker fiber: Longer, thinner fiber: d
f d fiber length 15 f
fiber length 15
c c
(x) (x)
Adapted from Fig. 16.7,
Callister 7e.

Poorer fiber efficiency Better fiber efficiency


Fiber Load Behavior under Stress:

*f d
lc
2 c
Fiber Alignment
Adapted from Fig. 16.8,
Callister 7e.

aligned aligned random


continuous discontinuous
Homogeneous Material: Material
Properties are same at every location

Isotropy : Martial Properties are same in all


directions.
Anisotropy : Material properties varies with
direction. A Material without any planes of
symmetry is called Anisotropic Material.
Orthotropic Material : A Material having
three planes of symmetry.
Stress-Strain curves of typical Reinforcing fibers

19
Micromechanics
Determining unknown properties of the composite
based on known properties of the fiber and matrix.
USE OF MICRO MECHANICS
Predict composite properties from fiber and matrix
data
Extrapolate existing composite property data to
different fiber volume fraction or void content
Check experimental data for errors
Determine required fiber and matrix properties to
produce a desired composite material .
Limitations of Micro-Mechanics

Simple theories assume isotropic fibers many


fiber reinforcements are orthotropic
Some properties are not predicted well by
simple theories
more accurate analyses are time consuming and
expensive
Predicted composite properties are only as
good as fiber and matrix properties used
Predicted strengths are upper bounds
Notations:
Subscript f, m, c refer to fiber, matrix,
composite ply, respectively
v - volume
V - volume fraction
w - weight
W- weigth fractions
- Density
Terminology Used in Micromechanics
Ef, Em Youngs modulus of fiber and matrix
Gf, Gm Shear modulus of fiber and matrix
f, m Poissons ratio of fiber and matrix
Vf, Vm Volume fraction of fiber and matrix
Approaches:
Mechanics of materials approach,
Semi-empirical approach; Involves rigorous
mathematical solutions.
Assumption: the lamina is treated as a
material whose properties are different in
various directions, but not different from
one location to another.
Volume Fractions

Fiber volume fraction

Mass Volume fraction

Note : Sum of the Volume fraction : Vf + Vm =1

Volume fraction of the Composite :


Mass Fractions

Fiber Mass fraction

Matrix mass fraction

Wf+Wm = 1
Density
Density (Cont)
When more than two constituents enter in the
composition of the composite material

where n is the number of constituent.


Void Content

During the manufacture of composite, voids are introduced in composites, this


causes the theoretical density of the composites be higher than the actual desntiy.
Effects of Voids on Mechanical Properties

Lower stiffness and strength


Lower compressive strengths
Lower transverse tensile strengths
Lower fatigue resistance
Lower moisture resistance
A decrease of Mechanical properties 2-10% takes
place with every 1% increase in void content .
Void Content
Volume of Void

Total volume of the composite

Theoretical volume of the composite

Volume of the voids in the composites


MicroMechanical Analysis of a Lamina
34
Evaluation of Four Elastic Moduli
There are four elastic moduli of a unidirectional
lamina:
Longitudinal Youngs modulus, E1

Transverse Youngs modulus, E2

Major Poissons ratio, 12

In-plane shear modulus, G12


Strength of Materials Approach
Assumptions are made in the strength of materials
approach
The bond between fibers and matrix is perfect.
The elastic moduli, diameters, and space between fibers
are uniform.
The fibers are continuous and parallel.
The fiber and matrix follow Hookes law (linearly
elastic).
The fibers possess uniform strength.
The composites is free of voids.
Longitudinal Modulus, E1

Total force is shared by fiber and matrix


Longitudinal Modulus, E1
Assuming that the bers, matrix, and composite follow Hookes law and that
the bers and the matrix are isotropic, the stressstrain relationship for each
component and the composite is

The strains in the composite, ber, and matrix are equal (c = f = m);
Longitudinal Modulus, E1
Predictions agree well with experimental data
Transverse Youngs Modulus, E2
In transverse loading the fibers carry less of the load
Transverse Youngs Modulus, E2
c = m = f = c= mVm + fVf
Transverse Youngs Modulus, E2
Major Poissons Ratio, 12
In-Plane Shear Modulus, G12
Apply a pure shear stress c to a lamina
In-Plane Shear Modulus, G12
46
Infact the Transverse youngs modulus and
in-plane shear modulus obtained through
Mechanics of solids do not agree with the
experimental results. This demands for
better modeling techniques. To overcome
the problem, Semi-empirical models have
been developed . The most useful of these
semi-empirical models is Halphin and Tsai .
Halphin-Tsai Equation
The values obtained for transverse modulus (E2) and
Inplane -shear modulus do not agree with the
experimental results.
Semi-empirical models have been designed for
better results.

Longitudinal Youngs Modulus

Major Poissons Ratio


Transverse Youngs Modulus, E2

For a ber geometry of circular bers in a packing geometry of a square


array, = 2. For a rectangular ber cross-section of length a and width b
in a hexagonal array, = 2(a/b), where b is in the direction of loading.
Transverse Youngs Modulus, E2
In-Plane Shear Modulus, G12
In-Plane Shear Modulus, G12
Prediction of Elastic Properties of FRP Composite
Lamina For Longitudinal Loading in ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol.3, No.6, pp. 71-75,
December-2008. Impact Factor: 0.4621. ISSN 1819-
6608.

53
54
Longitudinal Modulus (E1)
70

Longitudinal modulus (E1) GPa


60
50
MOS
40
Halphin-Tsai
30
20 Ansys
10
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
% Fiber volume fraction

Transverse Modulus (E2)


16
Transverse Modulus (E2)

14
12
10
8 MOS
6
Halphin-Tsai
4
2 Ansys
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
% Fiber Volume fraction

55
In-plane shear Modulus (G12)
In-Plane shear modulus (G12)
7
6
5
4
GPa

MOS
3
Halphin-Tsai
2
Ansys
1
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
% Fiber volume fraction

Major Poisson's ratio (12)


MOS
0.35
Halphin-Tsai
Major Poisson's ratio

0.3 Ansys

0.25

0.2

0.15
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
% Fiber Volume fraction

56
Thank You

57

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